ملاحظات
الجزء الأول: إنديرا نهرو
الفصل الأول: الخروج من كشمير
(1)
Pankaj Mishra has suggested that Indian security forces were in fact
responsible for this massacre and that its rationale was to discredit Pakistan and
Pakistani
support of Islamic militants in Kashmir, Guardian, 14
October 2000.
(2)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(3)
Bradnock, Robert W., ‘Regional Geopolitics in a Globalising World: Kashmir
in Geopolitical Perspective,’ Geopolitics, 3, no. 2
(Autumn 1998), p. 14.
(4)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p.
1.
(5)
Ibid.
(6)
Harijan (which means ‘children of God’) was the term chosen by Mohandas
Gandhi for ‘untouchables’—those outside the ancient Hindu caste system. There are
approximately 3,000 Hindu jatis or castes which are
loosely grouped into four classes or varnas: Brahmins
(priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaisyas (merchants, traders,
farmers), Sudras (artisans, labourers, servants). Notions of pollution and purification
are
central to the caste system; each caste has its own dietary habits, customs, fixed
place in
the social and religious hierarchy, and traditional occupations. After independence,
the
Constituent Assembly of India abolished the caste system and made use of the term
‘untouchable’ and the disabilities associated with it illegal. Caste, however, is
still
important in traditional and rural life. The sweepers at Anand Bhawan, according to
Hindu
practice, were segregated from other members of the household. But this was the only
instance
of caste rules being observed at Anand Bhawan. Motilal and later Jawaharlal Nehru’s
valet,
Hari Lal, was an untouchable and mixed freely with the family, as did various other
untouchable servants, including cooks.
(7)
Nehru, op. cit., p. 25.
(8)
Ibid., p. 20.
(9)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru, I, pp. 92-3, p. 97.
(10)
Nehru, op. cit., p. 28.
(11)
The view that Kamala was a cipher and Nehru’s marriage to her a disaster
is a commonplace of Nehru biography, especially among biographers such as Stanley
Wolpert who
make much of Nehru’s later relationship with Edwina Mountbatten. The idea that Jawaharlal
and
Kamala were woefully unsuited to each other is also held by many Nehru family members
who
witnessed the marriage, including B. K. Nehru, Nayantara Sahgal and her sister Chandralekha
Mehta. I, however, have relied on Nehru’s own reflections on his wife and marriage.
His book
The Discovery of India, his letters and his prison
diaries, all paint a quite different picture of his feelings for Kamala. Though most
of these
were written after her death and thus tinged with grief, regret and longing, they
nevertheless reveal that Nehru loved his wife deeply and that he also respected, admired
and
was even sometimes awed by her.
(12)
Nehru, op. cit., p. 37.
(13)
Ibid., p. 38.
(14)
Ibid.
(15)
Ibid., p. 39.
الفصل الثاني: حدث بالفعل
(1)
Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, The Scope of
Happiness, p. 57.
(2)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
p. 1.
(3)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World
History, p. 2.
(4)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s
Daughter, pp. 268-9.
(5)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
13.
(6)
Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p.
53.
(7)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, A Bunch of Old
Letters, p. 1.
(8)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(9)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
15.
(10)
Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, op. cit., p. 173.
(11)
Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p.
53.
(12)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p.
51.
(13)
Ibid., p. 77.
(14)
Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 16 September 1920, Nehru
Library.
(15)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p.
80. Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(16)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, p. 232.
(17)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 80.
(18)
Ibid., p. 80.
(19)
Brown, Judith M., Gandhi, p.
100.
(20)
Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi, p.
17.
(21)
Kumar, Ravinder and Panigrahi, D. N. (eds.), Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, I, p. 221.
(22)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 1, p. 282.
(23)
Ibid., p. 349.
(24)
Jawaharlal Nehru to Indira Nehru, 15 November 1922, Nehru
Library.
(25)
Nanda, B. R., The Nehrus, p.
201.
(26)
Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p.
14.
(27)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
12.
(28)
Kalhan, Promilla, Kamala Nehru, p.
143.
(29)
Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second,
p. 15, p. 68.
(30)
Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p.
14.
(31)
Ibid., p. 10.
(32)
Her husband’s family changed her name from Sarup Kumari Nehru to Vijaya
Lakshmi Pandit, but family members and friends continued to call her
Nan.
(33)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(34)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
pp. 2-3.
(35)
Ibid., p. 7.
(36)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p.
124.
(37)
Ibid., p. 134.
(38)
Ibid., p. 102.
(39)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, A Bunch of Old
Letters, p. 42.
(40)
Anand Bhawan Museum, Allahabad.
(41)
Gopal, Sarvepalli, Jawaharlal Nehru I,
p. 87.
الفصل الثالث: تتنفس مع حركة كعبها
(1)
Kumar, Ravinder and Panigrahi, D. N. (eds.), Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, V, p. 31.
(2)
Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 20 May 1926, Nehru
Library.
(3)
Jawaharlal Nehru was an inept manager of money throughout his life. As a
young man in England he was extravagant and ran up debts. From the twenties onwards
he led a
simple, frugal existence but still managed to live beyond his means. Motilal Nehru
threatened
to leave all his money to Kamala and Indira because of his son’s inability to keep
track of
and control his finances. (In the event, Motilal died intestate so that Jawaharlal
was his
heir.) Well into his tenure as Prime Minister Jawaharlal was selling off his father’s
things
in order to remain afloat. Much of his later financial difficulties, however, were
due to the
great expense of running Anand Bhawan and paying the wages and pensions of its numerous
servants.
(4)
Bryder, Linda, Below the Magic
Mountain, pp. 191-2.
(5)
Brecher, Michael, Nehru: A Political
Biography, p. 105.
(6)
Kumar, Ravinder and Panigrahi, D. N. (eds.), op. cit., V, p.
64.
(7)
Ibid., p. 109, p. 122.
(8)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before Freedom: Nehru’s
Letters to His Sister, p. 82.
(9)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p.
149.
(10)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(11)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
19.
(12)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
19.
(13)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., p. 52.
(14)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s
Daughter, p. 35.
(15)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru I, 1, pp. 384-5.
(16)
Ibid.
(17)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., p. 76.
(18)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 35.
(19)
Ibid., p. 36.
(20)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
p. 10.
(21)
Gopal, Sarvepalli, Jawaharlal Nehru,
II, p. 241.
(22)
Ibid., p. 243.
(23)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., p. 91, p. 94.
(24)
Thurre, Pascal, Crans-Montana, p.
34.
(25)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
p. 13.
(26)
Ibid.
(27)
Many of the places Indira visited in Paris, London and Heidelberg in 1926
are mentioned by Nehru in Letters from a Father to His
Daughter.
(28)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
pp. 8-9.
(29)
Hutheesing, K. N., We Nehrus, p.
57.
(30)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
17.
(31)
Mohan, Anand, Indira Gandhi, p.
187.
(32)
Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p.
59.
(33)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p.
15.
(34)
Ibid., p. 25.
(35)
Datta, V. N., and Cleghorn, B. E., (eds.), Nationalist Muslim and Indian Politics: Being the Selected Correspondence of the late
Dr
Syed Mahmud, p. 74.
(36)
Ibid., p. 77.
(37)
Ibid., p. 32.
(38)
Hutheesing, K. N., op. cit., p. 74. Sarvepalli Gopal says that Nehru did
not meet Krishna Menon until 1936, op. cit., I, p. 202. when Marie Seton first met
Krishna
Menon in 1932, however, he said to her, ‘The only man to lead India into the modern
world is
Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi can’t do this. Nehru has a modern scientific mind.’ This
would seem
to indicate that Krishna Menon had met Nehru, as Hutheesing claims, in 1926. Menon
came to
England in 1924, Marie Seton, Panditji, p.
66.
(39)
Datta, V. N., and Cleghorn, B. E. (eds.), op. cit., p.
70.
(40)
Ibid.
(41)
Ibid., p. 73.
(42)
Ibid.
(43)
Ibid., p. 79.
(44)
Ibid.
(45)
Ibid., p. 81.
(46)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s
Daughter, p. 38.
(47)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 166.
الفصل الرابع: الولد إندو
(1)
Brecher, Michael, Nehru: A Political
Biography, p. 122.
(2)
British dominions such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand, were
self-ruling, autonomous states, but they remained formally allied to the Empire and
recognized the British monarch as their sovereign. In the late 1940s, newly independent
states such as India, considered ‘dominion status’ to be a position of subordination.
With
the dismantling of the British Empire, former dominions became known as ‘members of
the
British Commonwealth’, and were not obligated to swear allegiance to the British Crown.
Instead, the King or Queen was recognized as the head of the
Commonwealth.
(3)
In 1997 the Principal of St Mary’s, Sister Carola, told me that Indian
pupils were not officially admitted to the school until after independence in 1947.
Before
that, they were unofficially tolerated but were removed during school
inspections.
(4)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
p. 13.
(5)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
17.
(6)
Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p.
18.
(7)
Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second,
pp. 76-7.
(8)
Ibid.
(9)
French, Patrick, Liberty or Death, p.
50.
(10)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p.
180.
(11)
Nehru, B. K., op. cit., p. 76.
(12)
Ali, Tariq, The Nehrus and the Gandhis,
p. 136.
(13)
Jawaharlal Nehru’s medical report on Kamala Nehru, Nehru
Library.
(14)
Quoted in Kalhan, Promilla, Kamala Nehru: An
Intimate Biography, p. 39.
(15)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(16)
Author’s interviews with Chandralekha Mehta and Nayantara
Sahgal.
(17)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s
Daughter, p. 38.
(18)
Letters from a Father to His Daughter. was originally
published in English by the Allahabad publisher Kitabistan in 1930. It was soon translated
into Hindi and Urdu and read by thousands of school children in India. In 1939 Nehru
wrote to
Indira that ‘the little book … has become quite a gold mine, though I am not going
to profit
by it. It is becoming a textbook in many provinces … and vast numbers have been printed.’
Nehru discovered that Kitabistan had made 20,000 rupees out of it, of which a mere
2,500
rupees had ‘trickled’ down to him. But rather than negotiate for a profit, he gave
the rights
to provincial governments and universities ‘on condition that the book was issued
at a very
low price’, Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s Daughter, p.
448. The book has not been out of print in India since it first appeared in
1930.
(19)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Letters from a Father to His
Daughter, p. 1.
(20)
Ibid., p. 40.
(21)
Ibid., p. 50.
(22)
Nine years earlier Motilal Nehru had also been elected President of the
1919 Amritsar Congress. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, began as a
pressure
group, petitioning the British government for political and administrative reforms.
In the
twenties and thirties it spearheaded the movement for independence led by Mahatma
Gandhi and
the Nehrus. When provincial self-government was introduced in 1935, Congress became
the
governing political party in most of the states in India. With independence, it emerged
as
the ruling party of India. The President of Congress is the elected leader of the
organizational party consisting of voluntary members. After independence, there was
also a
parliamentary wing of Congress, consisting of elected Members of Parliament. The
parliamentary party elected a leader who then became Prime Minister if Congress was
in power
or the opposition leader if it was not. It is possible for the same person to be Congress
President of the organizational party and leader of the parliamentary party as Nehru
was in
the early years of his prime ministership.
(23)
Nanda, B. R., Jawaharlal Nehru: Rebel and
Statesman, p. 304.
(24)
Some forty-five years later Siddhartha Shankar Ray would become one of
Indira Gandhi’s most trusted advisers and an architect of the Emergency declaration
of 1975.
In 1972, when Siddhartha Shankar Ray was Chief Minister of West Bengal and Indira
Gandhi was
Prime Minister, another Congress session was held in Calcutta. Ray had a banana tree
planted
outside the bedroom window of the house Indira stayed in to remind her of her bananaeating
feat in 1929. She told him that she had stuffed herself with bananas to counter the
poor
impression she knew she’d made—to prove her strength. Author’s interview with Siddhartha
Shankar Ray.
(25)
Brecher, Michael, op. cit., p. 134.
(26)
Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second,
p. 79.
(27)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, pp.
194-5.
(28)
Brecher, Michael, op. cit., p. 138.
(29)
Nanda, B. R., op. cit., p. 324.
(30)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru I, 4, p. 189.
(31)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 612.
(32)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
22.
(33)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 203.
(34)
Ibid., p. 205.
(35)
Ibid., p. 207.
(36)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery of
India, p. 41.
(37)
Arnold Michaelis, ‘An interview with Indira Gandhi’, McCall’s Magazine, April 1966, p. 187.
(38)
Pande, B. N., Indira Gandhi, p. v, p.
31.
(39)
Sen, Ela, Indira Gandhi, pp.
28-9.
(40)
Nehru Library; translation in Kalhan, Promilla, op. cit., pp.
27-8.
(41)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World
History, p. 58.
(42)
Ibid., p. 3.
(43)
Ibid., p. 274.
(44)
Ibid., p. 28.
(45)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 45.
(46)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p.
240.
(47)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru I, 4, p. 451.
(48)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World
History, p. 5.
(49)
Kalhan, Promilla, op. cit., pp. 49-50.
(50)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 18.
(51)
Ibid., p. 39.
(52)
Kalhan, Promilla, op. cit., p. 69.
(53)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p.
246.
(54)
Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal.
(55)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(56)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 247.
الفصل الخامس: ظهور فيروز في حياتها
(1)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
p. 22. Even Indira Gandhi’s severest critics concede her extraordinary physical courage
which
seems to have had its seed in the humiliation she felt over this early
episode.
(2)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 22.
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before Freedom, p.
21.
(3)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p.
271.
(4)
Hutheesing, K. N. (ed.), Nehru’s Letters to His
Sister, pp. 21-2.
(5)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery of
India, pp. 42–4.
(6)
Quoted in Aruna Asaf Ali, Private Face of a Public
Person: A Study of Jawaharlal Nehru, pp. 33-4.
(7)
Hutheesing, K. N. (ed.), op. cit., p. 25.
(8)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru I, 4, p. 558.
(9)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
22.
(10)
Pupul Jayakar, Indira Gandhi, pp. 44-5.
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit’s daughters, Nayantara Sahgal and Chandralekha Mehta, maintain
that
this episode never happened. Their memory is that Indira felt herself ugly and they
say that
the remark that was most often made of her was not that she was ugly, but that ‘she
was
sickly’. Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal and Chandralekha
Mehta.
(11)
Coonverbai Vakil remained close to Indira for the rest of her pupil’s life
and was one of the few people who stood up to her during the Emergency of 1975-6.
She
outlived Indira by eleven years, dying in 1995 at the age of
ninety-nine.
(12)
Author’s interview with Ira Vakil Chaudhuri.
(13)
Gandhi, Shanta, ‘When Indira Was a Student’, Parthasarti, G., and Prasad,
H. Y. (eds.), Indira Gandhi: Statesmen, Scholars, Scientists and
Friends Remember, p. 185.
(14)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World
History, p. 327.
(15)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 5, p. 409.
(16)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s
Daughter, p. 69.
(17)
The Ramakrishna Order was established by the followers of the
nineteenth-century Bengali, Ramakrishna, who was a devotee of the Hindu goddess, Kali.
Foremost among Ramakrishna’s disciples was Vivekenanda, who was widely known in the
West,
including America and Europe, where he travelled with his spiritual message. The mission
was
active in relief work in India and set up hospitals, schools, dispensaries and libraries
all
over the country. It continues to thrive today, with its Calcutta headquarters still
at Belur
Math, which Kamala Nehru and her daughter so often visited.
(18)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 52.
(19)
Ibid., p. 59.
(20)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 5, p. 454.
(21)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World
History, p. 949. Interestingly, though Nehru did not send any of the manuscript
Glimpses letters to Indira, he did send a number of them
to Gandhi who made editorial suggestions and urged Nehru to publish them. Despite
its
personal origin, the book was never meant solely for Indira; Nehru always had a much
larger
audience in mind.
(22)
Mahatma Gandhi to Jawaharlal Nehru, 9 October 1933, Nehru
Library.
(23)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, pp.
478-9.
(24)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 111.
(25)
Quoted in Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi,
p. 97.
(26)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
pp. 21-2.
(27)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., pp. 113-14.
(28)
Papers of Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. Also quoted in Pand, B. N., Nehru, p.
182.
(29)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 116, pp. 119-20.
(30)
Author’s interviews with Nayantara Sahgal and Chandralekha
Mehta.
(31)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 118.
(32)
Nehru Papers, Nehru Library.
(33)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 6, pp. 248-9.
(34)
Dutta, Krishna and Robinson, Andrew, Rabindranath
Tagore, p. 54, p. 323.
(35)
Gandhi, Indira, ‘Reminiscences of Tagore’, January 1961, Women on the March, published by the Women’s All-India Congress
Committee, New Delhi.
(36)
Dutta, Krishna, and Robinson, Andrew, op. cit., p.
332.
(37)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 122.
(38)
Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p.
17.
(39)
Mohan, Anand, Indira Gandhi, p. 120.
Convocation Addresses at Visva-Bharati: The Common
Pursuit, p. 86.
(40)
Dutta, Krishna, and Robinson, Andrew, op. cit., p. 134, pp.
325-6.
(41)
Indira’s room at Sri Bhawan Ashram is now unoccupied and kept as a
memorial to her with various photographs of her, both as a student and later as Chancellor
of
Santiniketan during the years when she was Prime Minister and gave the annual convocation
address at Visva-Bharati.
(42)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 6, p. 267.
(43)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 133.
(44)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 6, pp. 463-4.
(45)
Ibid., p. 267.
(46)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 561.
(47)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, pp.
61-2.
(48)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 124-5.
(49)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., pp. 120-1.
(50)
Burrell, L. S. T., Artificial
Pneumothorax.
(51)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 130.
(52)
Nehru Papers, Nehru Library.
(53)
Falk, Bertil, unpublished biography of Feroze
Gandhi.
(54)
Ibid.
(55)
Ibid.
(56)
Ibid. Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(57)
Mehta, Vinod, The Sanjay Story, p. 6.
Bertil Falk’s interview with S. M. Jaffer, 1993.
(58)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 6, pp. 306-7, p.
310.
(59)
Ibid., pp. 312-3.
(60)
Ibid., pp. 320-1.
(61)
Nehru Library, quoted in Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p.
69.
(62)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 63.
(63)
Nehru’s ‘Note’ on Kamala Nehru, Nehru Library. Quoted also in ibid, p.
III.
(64)
Kalhan, Promilla, Kamala Nehru, pp.
112-3.
(65)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 151.
(66)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, A Bunch of Old
Letters, p. 105. The manuscript letter is in the Santiniketan
Archives.
(67)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 158, p. 160.
(68)
Ibid., p. 163, p. 166.
(69)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 6, p. 364.
الفصل السادس: في الغابة السوداء
(1)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s
Daughter, p. 168.
(2)
Ibid., p. 169.
(3)
Ibid., p. 175.
(4)
Ibid., p. 173.
(5)
Ibid., p. 169.
(6)
Ibid., p. 176.
(7)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru I, 6, p. 377.
(8)
Ibid., p. 382.
(9)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 180.
(10)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
28.
(11)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 190.
(12)
Ibid., pp. 182-3, p. 193.
(13)
Ibid., p. 198.
(14)
C. F. Andrews to Jawaharlal Nehru, Nehru Library.
(15)
Ibid.
(16)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 215.
(17)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
76.
(18)
Seton, Marie, Panditji, pp.
78-9.
(19)
Agatha Harrison Papers, Friends House Library,
London.
(20)
Ibid.
(21)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before
Freedom, p. 158.
(22)
Letter from Agatha Harrison to Mahatma Gandhi, 13 November 1935, Agatha
Harrison Papers, Friends House Library, London.
(23)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., p. 173.
(24)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery of
India, p. 43.
(25)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., p. 192.
(26)
Education Committee Minute Book, meeting held 6 November 1935, Somerville
College Archives, Oxford.
(27)
La Pelouse Archives, Bex, Switzerland.
(28)
Brecher, Michael, Nehru, p.
210.
(29)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery of
India, p. 45.
(30)
The only source for the Wengen reunion of Indira and Feroze Gandhi is
Pupul Jayakar who apparently was told about it many years later by Indira. But Jayakar
gives
a very sketchy and inconclusive account of the episode in her biography, Indira Gandhi, pp. 79-80.
(31)
Mathai, M. O., Reminiscences of the Nehru
Age, p. 93.
(32)
A. C. N. Nambiar’s account of Kamala’s opposition to a marriage between
Indira and Feroze contradicts most biographical versions of Kamala’s feelings. Usually
it is
held that Kamala very much wanted Indira and Feroze to marry and made her wishes clear
to
them and Nehru before her death. Nambiar’s account is published in M. O. Mathai’s
unreliable
Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, but Nambiar himself is a
trustworthy witness. He was alive when Mathai’s book was published in 1978, lived
on until
1986, and he never denied the truth of the episode as it is recounted by
Mathai.
(33)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 235-6.
(34)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 46.
(35)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 239.
(36)
Ibid., p. 240.
(37)
Agatha Harrison Papers, Friends House Library,
London.
(38)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 48.
(39)
Ibid.
الفصل السابع: خبيرة الفراق
(1)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s
Daughter, pp. 242-3.
(2)
Ibid., p. 246.
(3)
Ibid., pp. 253-4.
(4)
Ibid., p. 256.
(5)
Ibid., p. 261.
(6)
Ibid., p. 283.
(7)
Ibid., p. 271.
(8)
Ibid., p. 283.
(9)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
88.
(10)
Ibid., p. 86.
(11)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 293-4.
(12)
Ibid., p. 301.
(13)
Ibid., pp. 268-9.
(14)
Quoted in Parthasarthi, G. and Prasad, H. Y. Sharada (eds.), Indira Gandhi: Statesmen, Scholars, Scientists and Friends
Remember, p. 308.
(15)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
p. 31.
(16)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 285, p. 296, p.
298.
(17)
Ibid., pp. 287-8.
(18)
Ibid., p. 309.
(19)
Ibid., p. 326.
(20)
Seven years later, in 1943, the Latin entrance exam also nearly kept
Margaret Roberts (destined to be Margaret Thatcher) out of Somerville College. According
to
her biographer, Hugo Young, ‘She had had to mug up Latin and had failed to reach Somerville’s
priority list for entrance. Only when someone dropped out was she hoisted off the
waiting
list and offered’ a place at Somerville, Young, Hugo, One of
Us, p. 14.
(21)
Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p.
132.
(22)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru I, 13, p. 680.
(23)
Ibid., p. 684.
(24)
Ibid., p. 682.
(25)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 332.
(26)
Sahgal, Nayantara, Prison and Chocolate
Cakes, p. 142.
(27)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 92.
(28)
Author’s interview with Sarvepalli Gopal.
(29)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 662, p.
664.
(30)
Ibid., p. 667.
(31)
Ibid., p. 664.
(32)
Ibid., p. 678.
(33)
Ibid., p. 694.
(34)
Pande, B. N., Indira Gandhi, p.
71.
(35)
Ibid., p. 75.
(36)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 332.
(37)
Norman, Dorothy, (ed.), Letters to an American
Friend, p. 78.
(38)
Author’s interview with Mary Thompson.
(39)
Ibid.
(40)
Interviews with Mary Thompson, Kay Davies and Anne Whiteman. Wayne,
Jenifer, The Purple Dress, p. 62.
(41)
Author’s interview with Mary Thompson. Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p.
336.
(42)
Ibid., p. 336, p. 340.
(43)
Author’s interview with Kay Davies. It has been generally held that Indira
Nehru was a poor student at Oxford, but Somerville College and Oxford University records
contradict this, as do the recollections of classmates such as Kay Davies and the
reported
judgements of her tutors.
(44)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 343, p. 348.
(45)
Ibid., p. 342.
(46)
Author’s interview with Mary Thompson.
(47)
Adams, Pauline, Somerville for Women,
p. 225. Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p.
136.
(48)
Author’s interview with Mary Thompson.
(49)
Lord Chalfont’s interview with Indira Gandhi, BBC television, broadcast 26
October 1971.
(50)
Falk, Bertil, unpublished biography of Feroze Gandhi. Vasudev, Uma, op.
cit., pp. 128-9.
(51)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 353.
(52)
Oxford students were required to pass four subjects in the pass
moderations examination, one of which had to be Latin or Greek. Pass mods was a university
exam and Oxford University records list only pass marks. The University Gazette, however, publishes the candidates for upcoming exams and
subsequently those candidates who were successful. Indira Nehru is listed among the
candidates for the pass moderations examination in Michaelmas term 1937, but she is
not
listed among those who passed the examination. Correspondence between Nehru and Agatha
Harrison also indicates that Indira failed the first time she took the pass moderations
examination, Oxford University Archives, Oxford; Agatha Harrison Papers, Friends House
Library, London.
(53)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 359.
(54)
Wayne, Jenifer, op. cit., p. 70.
(55)
Author’s interview with Nikhil Chakravartty.
(56)
Author’s interview with Anne Whiteman.
(57)
Gopal, Sarvepalli, Jawaharlal Nehru, I,
p. 234.
(58)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 389-90.
(59)
Ibid., p. 392.
(60)
Ibid., p. 395.
(61)
Ibid., p. 397.
(62)
Interviews with Mary Thompson and Anne Whiteman. The late Nikhil
Chakravartty, who was at Balliol College while Indira was at Somerville, maintained
that her
illness in the spring of 1938 and later was a convenient fiction to avoid being sent
down
after she failed the pass mods Latin exam in June 1938. Mary Thompson (but not Kay
Davies)
was also under the impression that Indira ‘had to leave’ Somerville because she failed
the
pass mods exam for a third time. But the Oxford University Gazette does not list Indira Nehru on either the candidates or pass list for the
pass mods exam in Trinity term (June 1938) or later and this indicates that she did
not take
the examination a third time.
(63)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before
Freedom, p. 254.
(64)
Ibid., p. 259.
(65)
Ibid., p. 257.
(66)
Quoted in Gopal, Sarvepalli, op. cit., I, p. 235.
(67)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before
Freedom, p. 255.
(68)
Author’s interview with Kay Davies.
(69)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
p. 31.
(70)
Ibid., pp. 29-30.
(71)
Hangen, Welles, pp. 166-7.
(72)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, A Bunch of Old
Letters, p. 206.
(73)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 705.
(74)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 36, and
Anand Bhawan Memories, p. 32.
(75)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 399-400.
(76)
Gopal, Sarvepalli, op. cit., I, p. 238.
(77)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 401.
(78)
Ibid., p. 404.
(79)
Ibid., p. 410.
(80)
Thapar, Raj, All These Years, p.
30.
(81)
Seton, Marie, Panditji, p.
65.
(82)
Ibid. Author’s interview with Alice Thorner. Hangen, Welles, op. cit., p.
63. Ram, Janaki, V. K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir,
pp. 51–4.
(83)
One of the most revealing and moving letters in Sarvepalli Gopal’s
Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru was written to Menon
on 15 May 1939, several weeks after Indira returned to Europe. In this letter, headed
‘Personal’, Nehru describes his mental turmoil and despair in the midst of what amounts
to a
nervous breakdown: ‘I want to tell you briefly the state of my mind. It is bad. I
have lost
all pep and feel devitalized and my interest in life itself seems to be fading away.
Don’t be
alarmed. I can still function fairly effectively and it may be that I shall recover
some of
my vitality. For the moment, however, the outlook is not encouraging. Most of the
things that
I value and for which I have worked seem to be going to pieces, and it is not surprising
that
I should disintegrate in the process … many things contribute to it. Events in India,
events
elsewhere. What has happened in Spain has affected me greatly as a deep personal sorrow.
What
has happened, and is happening in India, being near to me, affects me continuously.
The kind
of human material that I see about me, the all-pervading pettiness and vulgarity,
the mutual
suspicion and back-biting … distress me beyond measure. Everywhere the wrong type
of person
is pushing himself to the front, everywhere disruptive forces are growing … I wrote
to you
two and a half months ago that I was very ill mentally. I had received a sudden shock
which
upset me more than almost anything else had ever done. I was afraid of a breakdown
… the
after-effects continue. I am sorry to write to you all this and to distress you. I
do so to
enable you to realize somewhat how I am functioning at present. Partly also to relieve
myself
… It is a phase which will pass perhaps.’ I, 12, pp. 712-3.
(84)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 414. Information on the diploma in
social and public administration from conversations with Simon Bailey, Archivist,
Oxford
University Archives.
(85)
Ibid., p. 421-2.
(86)
Nehru Papers, Nehru Library.
(87)
Agatha Harrison Papers.
(88)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 425.
(89)
Ibid., p. 426.
(90)
Agatha Harrison Papers.
(91)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 450.
الفصل الثامن: الجبل السحري
(1)
In all the accounts that Indira Gandhi gave of her life, including
interviews, she never mentioned her long stay in a Swiss sanatorium. In My Truth, her fullest autobiographical statement, she merely says
that ‘I went to Switzerland’ and ‘then I returned to London via Spain’. Her biographers
likewise omit or hastily dismiss her ten months in Leysin and all repeat Indira’s
official
diagnosis of pleurisy. The patient records for Auguste Rollier’s clinics no longer
exist, but
Rollier’s daughter, Suzanne Rollier, whom I interviewed, knew Indira Nehru when she
was a
patient at Les Frenes.
(2)
Agatha Harrison Papers.
(3)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s
Daughter, pp. 457-8.
(4)
Desponds, Liliane, Leysin: Histoire et
Reconversion d’une Ville a la Montagne. Author’s interview with Suzanne
Chapuis-Rollier.
(5)
Hobday, Richard, ‘Sunlight Therapy and Solar Architecture’, Medical History, 1997, p. 455.
(6)
Smith, F. B., The Retreat of
Tuberculosis, p. 97.
(7)
Author’s interviews with Dr John Moore-Gillon and Dr Richard
Hobday.
(8)
Les Cliniques du Dr Rollier a Leysin (a brochure
describing Rollier’s sanatoria in Leysin). Les Frenes still exists, though today it
is a
trendy gym and fitness centre.
(9)
Smith, F. B., op. cit., p. 97, p. 101.
(10)
Bryder, Lynda, Below the Magic
Mountain, p. 223.
(11)
Author’s interview and correspondence with Dr John
Moore-Gillon.
(12)
Author’s interview with Maurice Andr’e.
(13)
Author’s interviews with Suzanne Chapuis-Rollier and Maurice
Andr’e.
(14)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), Two Alone, Two
Together, pp. 3-4.
(15)
Ibid., p. 15.
(16)
Ibid., p. 38.
(17)
Rollier, Auguste, Heliotherapy, p.
154.
(18)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 14.
(19)
Author’s interview with Suzanne Chapuis-Rollier.
(20)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 18-19.
(21)
Ibid., p. 18. Three months seems to have been the standard time period
doctors gave to TB patients. In A. E. Ellis’s novel The
Rack, about life in a French TB sanatorium in the early 1950s, the narrator
reflects, ‘They say “three months” here as other doctors say “three days”. They’ve
been
saying “three months” to me ever since I arrived. The last words I’ll hear when I
leave …
will be: “We’d have cured you if only you could have stayed another three months.”
There’s
only one sure thing—I am never well, but I always will be in another three months,’
p.
87.
(22)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 21-2.
(23)
Author’s interview with Maurice Andr’e. Ibid., p.
29.
(24)
Ibid., pp. 32-3.
(25)
Bell, P. M. H., The Origins of the Second World
War in Europe, p. 131.
(26)
Ibid., pp. 34-5.
(27)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru I, 13, p. 713.
(28)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 41.
(29)
Most of Indira Gandhi’s personal papers—including her correspondence with
her father, husband and son—are closed to researchers. Sonia Gandhi has edited two
volumes of
the letters written between Nehru and Indira Gandhi, Freedom’s
Daughter (1989) and Two Alone, Two Together
(1992) and she says that these volumes contain ‘most of their correspondence’. The
published
letters are an invaluable resource, but there are significant omissions. Indira Gandhi
showed
a number of crucial letters to Sarvepalli Gopal, who edited Nehru’s Selected Works, which appear in the book but are not in Sonia Gandhi’s edition;
nor are they in the Nehru Library catalogue. Sonia Gandhi quotes from several letters
written
by Indira Gandhi to Feroze and Rajiv Gandhi in her memoir of her husband, Rajiv. She has no plans at present to publish any further letters
or papers of Indira Gandhi. Author’s interview with Sonia Gandhi.
(30)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 41-2.
(31)
Ibid., p. 29.
(32)
Ibid., p. 29, pp. 43-4.
(33)
Ibid., pp. 48-9.
(34)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, II, p. 457.
(35)
Ibid., p. 469.
(36)
Ibid., pp. 470-1.
(37)
Ibid., pp. 465-6.
(38)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 58-9.
(39)
Ibid., p. 61.
(40)
Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories,
p. 22.
(41)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 66–8.
(42)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, II, p. 423.
(43)
Ibid., pp. 86-7.
(44)
Ibid., p. 88.
(45)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(46)
Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p.
146.
(47)
Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p.
25.
(48)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 94.
(49)
Ibid., p. 94.
(50)
Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 146. Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p. 23.
(51)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
42.
(52)
Ibid., p. 44.
(53)
Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p.
27.
الجزء الثاني: إنديرا غاندي
الفصل التاسع: لا حياة عادية وسخيفة ومملة
(1)
Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p. 24 and
My Truth, p. 45.
(2)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru I, 11, p. 581.
(3)
Ibid., pp. 589-90.
(4)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), Two Alone, Two
Together, pp. 107–9.
(5)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 11, p. 604. Indira’s ‘angry,
agitated letter’ is not included in Sonia Gandhi’s edition of the letters nor is it
available
at the Nehru Library.
(6)
Ibid., p. 641.
(7)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 107–9.
(8)
Ibid., pp. 112-3.
(9)
Fallaci, Oriana, Interview With
History, pp. 107–9.
(10)
Seton, Marie, Panditji, p.
103.
(11)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 11, pp.
643–51.
(12)
Ibid., pp. 643–8.
(13)
Ibid., p. 740.
(14)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
117.
(15)
Mohandas Gandhi to Jawaharlal Nehru, 5 December 1941, Nehru
Library.
(16)
Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p.
25.
(17)
Hutheesing, K. N., We Nehrus, p.
153.
(18)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 117.
(19)
Rau, M. Chalapathi, Journalism and
Politics, p. 76. Masani, Zareer, Indira
Gandhi, p. 59.
(20)
Quoted in Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 62.
(21)
Michaelis, Arnold, ‘An Interview with Indira Gandhi,’ p.
189.
(22)
Sahgal, Nayantara, Prison and Chocolate
Cake, pp. 99-100.
(23)
Hutheesing, K. N., op. cit., pp. 154-5.
(24)
Norvin Hein later became a Professor at Yale Divinity School. His film of
Indira and Feroze’s wedding runs for about ten minutes and much of the following description
is drawn from the highlights of the wedding and wedding dinner that he captured with
his
movie camera.
(25)
Soon after the marriage and for some years afterwards, it was rumoured
that Indira and Feroze had secretly gone through a civil marriage or got married in
a
Princely State where marriage was permitted between those of different faiths. In
the early
seventies Uma Vasudev asked Indira Gandhi about these rumours. Indira categorically
denied
them, telling Vasudev, ‘nothing of the kind [happened]. It just didn’t bother me,
whether it
was legal or not.’ Vasudev, op. cit., p. 166. Author’s interview with Uma
Vasudev.
(26)
Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second,
p. 111. Gandhi, Sonia, Rajiv, p.
20.
(27)
Sahgal, Nayantara, op. cit., pp. 101–3.
(28)
Falk, Bertil, unpublished biography of Feroze
Gandhi.
(29)
Correspondence (in Hindi) between Rajpati Kaul and Jawaharlal Nehru, Nehru
Library.
(30)
Falk, Bertil, op. cit.
(31)
French, Patrick, Liberty or Death, p.
140.
(32)
Ibid., p. 146.
(33)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Two Alone, Two
Together, pp. 138-9.
(34)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, pp. 4-5. Hutheesing, K. N.,
Dear to Behold, p. 98.
(35)
French, Patrick, op. cit., p. 162.
(36)
Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p.
28.
(37)
Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 187. Falk, Bertil, op.
cit.
(38)
Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, The Scope of
Happiness, p. 165.
(39)
I visited Naini Jail on 2 April 1997 and was given a tour by the Senior
Superintendent, R. N. Upadhyay. Nehru’s cell complex at Naini is carefully preserved
and
contains among other artefacts, his spinning wheel. His weight at various dates is
recorded
on a painted poster. At the women’s barrack there is a memorial pillar to Vijaya Lakshmi
Pandit’s prison term, but no trace of Indira Gandhi’s eight-month sojourn in
jail.
(40)
Michaelis, Arnold, op. cit., p. 188.
(41)
Author’s interview with Chandralekha Mehta.
(42)
Ibid.
(43)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 34.
(44)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 160.
(45)
Ibid., p. 170.
(46)
Ibid., p. 192.
(47)
Ibid., p. 186.
(48)
Ibid., p. 188.
(49)
Friedan, Betty, ‘How Mrs Gandhi Shattered the Feminine Mystique,’ p.
165.
(50)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 212.
(51)
Ibid.
(52)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before
Freedom, p. 355.
(53)
Ibid., p. 357.
(54)
Ibid., p. 300.
(55)
Mathai, M. O., Reminiscences of the Nehru
Age, p. 267.
(56)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 287.
(57)
Mathai, M. O., Reminiscences of the Nehru
Age, p. 268.
(58)
Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, op. cit., p. 177.
(59)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 345-6.
(60)
Fallaci, Oriana, op. cit., pp. 174-5.
(61)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 12, pp.
360-1.
(62)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 368.
(63)
Khilnani, Sunil, The Idea of India, p.
168.
(64)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Discovery of India,
p. 159.
(65)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 373, p. 381.
الفصل العاشر: تدهور الأوضاع
(1)
Interestingly, Nehru, who was no believer in astrology, wrote to his
sister Krishna that ‘a proper horoscope made by a competent person’ should be drawn
up for
the baby, Nehru’s Letters to his Sister, p.
162.
(2)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru I, 13, p. 501.
(3)
Ibid., p. 505.
(4)
Ibid.
(5)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Two Alone, Two
Together, p. 25.
(6)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 518; pp.
588-9.
(7)
Gandhi, Tehmina, ‘How We Welcomed Indira into the Family,’ p.
13.
(8)
Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal.
(9)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 602.
(10)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 469.
(11)
Ibid., p. 487.
(12)
Ibid., p. 516.
(13)
In 1975, after they had signed the Kashmir Accord, Indira Gandhi visited
Srinagar and Sheikh Abdullah arranged another (peaceful) river procession for
her.
(14)
Sahgal, Nayantara (ed), Before Freedom,
pp. 507-8.
(15)
Ibid., p. 132.
(16)
Quoted in French, Patrick, Liberty or
Death, p. 234.
(17)
Ibid., p. 239.
(18)
M. O. Mathai papers, Nehru Library.
(19)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., II, 3, p. 331.
(20)
Rau, M. Chalapathi, Journalism and
Politics, p. 13.
(21)
Mathai, M. O., Reminiscences of the Nehru
Age, p. 98.
(22)
Rau, op. cit., p. 16.
(23)
Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal.
(24)
Moraes, Dom, Mrs Gandhi, p.
83.
(25)
Gupte, Pranay, Mother India, p.
219.
(26)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., II, 3, p. 335.
(27)
Sahgal, Nayantara, and Rai, E. N. Mangat, Relationship: Extracts from a Correspondence, p. 163. Feroze’s affair with the
daughter of Lucknow politician Ali Zareer is widely known but documented in print
only by M.
O. Mathai in Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 95. Mathai
claims Indira Gandhi confided in him about the relationship and Nehru’s role in ending
it. My
account draws on Mathai and the research of Bertil Falk who is working on a biography
of
Feroze Gandhi.
(28)
Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p.
208.
(29)
Hutheesing, K. N., We Nehrus, p. 208.
(30)
Mathai, M. O., op. cit., p. 1.
(31)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), II, p. 311-2.
(32)
Ibid., p. 310.
(33)
Mathai, M. O., op. cit., p. 8.
(34)
M. O. Mathai admits as much in his autobiography, but he explains that he
kept ‘a spare copy of everything Nehru wrote and also copies of important telegrams
and
documents’ to show to Indira to help ‘inform her mind … to talk somewhat sensibly
to foreign
dignitaries who sat on either side of her at social functions. She was extremely good
at
keeping secrets’. B. K. Nehru and Nehru’s biographer, S. Gopal, however, told me that
Mathai
made copies secretly, without Nehru’s or Indira’s knowledge. Gopal and others believe
Mathai
passed some of these copies, as well as other information, on to the CIA. According
to B. K.
Nehru, Mathai used to boast in his last years of having copies of all Nehru’s papers,
Mathai,
Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 249. Author’s
interviews with S. Gopal and B. K. Nehru.
(35)
Author’s interview with S. Gopal. Gill, S. S., The Pathology of Corruption, pp. 59-60.
(36)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(37)
Morgan, Janet, Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of Her
Own, p. 382.
(38)
Cannadine, David, The Pleasures of the
Past, p. 58.
(39)
Ibid., p. 386.
(40)
Ziegler, Philip, Mountbatten: The Official
Biography, p. 363.
(41)
Morgan, Janet, op. cit., p. 403.
(42)
Ibid., p. 408.
(43)
Most observers agree that Edwina Mountbatten and Nehru fell in love, but
whether or not they had a sexual relationship is a matter of dispute. Edwina’s daughter,
Pamela Hicks—one of the few people who has read the extensive correspondence between
her
mother and Nehru—told me that the affair was unconsummated but that her mother would
have
wished it otherwise. (Author’s interview with Pamela Hicks.) Edwina Mountbatten’s
biographer,
Janet Morgan, who has also read the correspondence, holds that the relationship was
not
sexual. Mountbatten’s most authoritative biographer, Philip Ziegler is more equivocal
when he
states, ‘If there was any physical element it can only have been of minor importance
to
either party.’ (Ziegler, Philip, op. cit., p. 473.) Nehru’s most recent biographer,
Stanley
Wolpert, not only holds that the couple were lovers, but also claims, (apparently
without any
evidence since he has not read their letters) that Nehru seriously contemplated leaving
India
and his position as Prime Minister in order to live with Edwina in Britain. In a similar
vein, Andrew Roberts and Akbar Ahmed argue that Nehru exploited his relationship with
Edwina
in order to influence Mountbatten, (Roberts, Andrew, Eminent
Churchillians; Ahmed, Akbar S., Jinnah, Pakistan and
Islamic Identity). In his memoir, M. O. Mathai luridly describes an affair
between Edwina Mountbatten and Nehru, along with a string of other liaisons he claims
Nehru
had over the years. But Mathai is a suspect witness. The letters exchanged between
Edwina and
Nehru undoubtedly make clear the nature of their relationship. Edwina Mountbatten’s
letters
are held at Broadlands. The Mountbatten family returned Nehru’s letters to Delhi and
they are
in the possession of Sonia Gandhi. Copies of Nehru’s letters are also at Broadlands.
Both
sides of the correspondence are currently closed to researchers, though Janet Morgan
and
Philip Ziegler were given access to them. Pamela Hicks and her sister, the Countess
Mountbatten, would like the correspondence to be published, but Sonia Gandhi is unwilling
to
sanction publication.
(44)
Author’s interview with Pamela Hicks.
(45)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), I, p. 349.
(46)
Collins, Larry and Dominque LaPierre, Freedom at
Midnight, p. 309.
(47)
Ibid., p. 321.
(48)
Lord Chalfont’s interview with Indira Gandhi, BBC television. M. O. Mathai
claims that in Nehru’s draft of the speech the phrase was ‘date with destiny’ which
was
changed to ‘tryst’ at Mathai’s suggestion when he pointed out to Nehru that in American
English ‘date’ means an ‘assignation with girls and women’. In his autobiography Mathai
says
that he has given the draft speech to the Nehru Museum along with ‘innumerable documents
and
photographs’. But the draft speech is not listed in the M. O. Mathai Papers at the
Nehru
Library. Mathai, Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p.
11.
(49)
Author’s interview with Alan Campbell-Johnson.
(50)
French, Patrick, op. cit., p. 318.
(51)
Khilnani, Sunil, The Idea of India, p.
201.
(52)
Ibid.
(53)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
59.
(54)
Author’s interview with Subhadra Joshi. Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, pp. 38–42.
(55)
Seton, Marie, Panditji, p.
137.
(56)
Much ink has been spilt on the timing of the accession and the legality of
the Indian intervention, but as Victoria Schofield notes, whether or not accession
preceded
intervention, ‘the maharaja had agreed to accession in principle … he never [afterwards]
suggested that he had not signed an Instrument of Accession before Indian troops landed
nor
that he had never signed one’, Schofield, p. 150.
(57)
Quoted in Lamb, Alistair, Kashmir: A Disputed
Legacy, p. 138.
(58)
Ibid., p. 182.
(59)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 548.
(60)
Gandhi, Indira, op. cit., pp. 63–4. Sahgal, Nayantara, Prison and Chocolate Cake, p. 225. Hutheesing, K. N., op. cit., pp.
237-8.
(61)
Hutheesing, K. N., Ibid., pp. 241-2.
(62)
Hindustan Times, 31 January 1948.
(63)
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Speeches, I, pp.
42–4.
(64)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 551-2.
(65)
Ibid., p. 556.
(66)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., II, 7, p. 684.
(67)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, pp.
70-1.
(68)
Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi, p.
83.
(69)
Mohan, Anand, Indira Gandhi, p.
190.
(70)
Gandhi, Indira, op. cit., p. 72. Mohan, Anand, Indira Gandhi, p. 188.
(71)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., pp. 142–3.
الفصل الحادي عشر: تحول
(1)
Nehru also vetoed this daily allowance.
(2)
Gopal, Sarvepalli, Jawaharlal Nehru,
II, p. 60.
(3)
Ibid., p. 61.
(4)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American
Friend, p. 8.
(5)
Ibid.
(6)
Ibid., pp. 6-7.
(7)
Ibid., p. 10.
(8)
Ibid., p. 35.
(9)
Author’s interview with Dorothy Norman.
(10)
Their friendship ruptured after Dorothy Norman made a public statement in
1975 condemning the Emergency, but she and Indira were reconciled after Sanjay Gandhi
was
killed in 1980.
(11)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Two Alone, Two
Together, pp. 566–70.
(12)
Author’s interview with Dorothy Norman.
(13)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., II, 17, p. 36.
(14)
Ibid., p. 635.
(15)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, pp.
144-5.
(16)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 592-3.
(17)
Ibid.
(18)
Ibid., p. 594.
(19)
Ibid., pp. 592–4.
(20)
Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., II, p. 133, p.
302.
(21)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 596.
(22)
Ibid., pp. 596-7.
(23)
Ibid., p. 597.
(24)
Ibid., p. 598.
(25)
In 1954, when the Gandhi boys were enrolled at the Doon School, the
headmaster was J. R. Martyn. Martyn had taught at Nehru’s alma mater, Harrow, and
then went
to India with Arthur Foot of Eton to found the Doon School in Dehra Dun in the late
thirties.
Rajiv thrived at the Doon School, though he was only an average student; nor did he
excel at
sports. Sanjay had serious problems there from the beginning, though he was actually
academically better than his older brother. But Sanjay got into numerous scrapes,
played
truant and repeatedly broke school rules. He fought with and bullied other students,
and was
apparently even cruel to the school pets. Indira withdrew Sanjay from the Doon School
in
1960—possibly to avert his being expelled, and he then attended St Columbus’, a day
school in
Delhi. The Doon School remains today the premier public school in
India.
(26)
Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 26.
(27)
The Congress Working Committee, which stands at the apex of the Congress
Party organizational structure, is composed of the Congress Party President, the party
leader
in the Lok Sabha and nineteen other members, ten of whom are elected by the All-India
Congress Committee and nine who are appointed by the party President.
(28)
Seton, Marie, Panditji, p.
198.
(29)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., p. 27.
(30)
Ibid., p. 29.
(31)
Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second,
p. 263.
(32)
Ibid., p. 262.
(33)
Ibid., p. 264.
(34)
Gandhi, Sonia, Rajiv, p.
42.
(35)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), Two Alone, Two
Together, p. 614.
(36)
Indira Gandhi to Padmaja Naidu, January 1947, Nehru
Library.
(37)
Ryan, Frank, Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story
Never Told, pp. 383-4.
(38)
Author’s interviews with Dr John Moore-Gillon, Dr Vatsala Samant and Dr.
K. P. Mathur. I am grateful to Dr Moore-Gillon, of the Department of Respiratory Medicine,
St
Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, for discussing Indira Gandhi’s tuberculosis with me.
Dr
Vatsala Samant treated Indira Gandhi in Allahabad and Dr K. P. Mathur was her personal
physician after Indira became prime minister.
(39)
Indira Gandhi to Padmaja Naidu, Nehru Library.
(40)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 616.
(41)
Author’s interview with Nikhil Chakravartty.
(42)
Sarvepalli, Gopal, (ed.), op. cit., II, pp. 311-2.
(43)
Mathai, M. O., My Days with Nehru, pp.
xiii-xiv.
(44)
Mathai, M. O., Reminiscences of the Nehru
Age, p. 10.
(45)
Author’s interviews with B. K. Nehru, P. N. Haksar, Khushwant Singh,
Trevor Fishlock and Pupul Jayakar.
(46)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru. Nehru’s biographer, S. Gopal, also
believes there was an affair of some sort between Indira and Mathai. Author’s interview
with
S. Gopal.
(47)
Author’s interview with Nikhil Chakravartty.
(48)
Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 70.
Author’s interview with Inder Malhotra.
(49)
Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p.
246.
(50)
Gill, S. S., The Pathology of
Corruption, pp. 50-1.
(51)
Mohan, Anand, Indira Gandhi, pp.
203–5.
(52)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., p. 47.
(53)
Ibid., p. 48.
(54)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 619.
(55)
Ibid., p. 623.
(56)
Sarvepalli, Gopal, (ed.), op. cit., III, pp. 81-2.
(57)
Author’s interview with Nikhil Chakravartty.
(58)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., pp. 154-5.
(59)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 115. Lord
Chalfont’s interview with Indira Gandhi.
(60)
Michaelis, Arnold, ‘An Interview with Indira Gandhi,’ p.
190.
(61)
Hutheesing, K. N., Dear to Behold, p.
149.
(62)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 156.
(63)
Dorothy Norman papers, Beinecke Library, Yale
University.
(64)
Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 276.
(65)
Bertil Falk unpublished biography of Feroze Gandhi.
(66)
Sarvepalli, Gopal, op. cit., III, p. 59.
(67)
Ibid.
(68)
Jeffrey, Robin, ‘Jawaharlal Nehru and the Smoking Gun: Who Pulled the
Trigger in Kerala’s Communist Government in 1959?’, p. 81.
(69)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., p. 63.
(70)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 627-8.
(71)
Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 59.
(72)
Ibid., p. 61.
(73)
Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 293.
(74)
Author’s interview with Usha Bhagat.
(75)
Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal.
(76)
Gandhi, Sonia, Rajiv, pp.
50-1.
(77)
Dorothy Norman Papers.
(78)
Moraes, Dom, op. cit., p. 146.
(79)
Lord Chalfont’s interview with Indira.
الفصل الثاني عشر: نحو ثلاثية
(1)
Dorothy Norman Papers.
(2)
Author’s interview with Usha Bhagat.
(3)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American
Friend, p. 79.
(4)
Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), Two Alone and Two
Together, p. 648.
(5)
Ibid., p. 647.
(6)
Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., pp. 85-6.
(7)
Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second,
p. 364.
(8)
Galbraith, John Kenneth, Ambassador’s
Journal, p. 226.
(9)
Ibid., p. 227.
(10)
Sarvepalli, Gopal (ed.), Selected Works of
Jawaharlal Nehru, III, p. 188.
(11)
Author’s interviews with B. K. Nehru and John Kenneth
Galbraith.
(12)
Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 672.
(13)
Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 88.
(14)
Ibid., p. 89.
(15)
According to Indira’s personal physician, Dr K. P. Mathur, she went
through an ‘early’ menopause. Author’s interview with Dr K. P. Mathur.
(16)
Dorothy Norman Papers.
(17)
Ibid.
(18)
Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 95.
(19)
Seton, Marie, Panditji, p.
480.
(20)
Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., pp. 96-7.
(21)
Dorothy Norman Papers.
(22)
Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 81.
With remarkable prescience, Welles Hangen ended his book with the observation that
‘the vital
question in India is not “After Nehru, Who?” but “After Nehru’s successor, who?” …
[When
Nehru dies] … there will be strong pressure for Congress unity and maintenance of
an
effective central government … powerful forces in Congress and the country will be
working to
close the leadership gap as quickly as possible. To avoid a prolonged factional struggle,
Shastri might be given the nod … The situation will be entirely different when Shastri
or
whoever succeeds Nehru leaves the scene (probably not long after Nehru’s passing)
and a new
prime minister must be chosen … Congress is almost certainly to have split openly
and
officially by that time. At best it will be a two-way division on Left-Right factional
lines
… Indira Gandhi cannot be ignored … she is a strong possibility. (After Nehru Who?, pp. 276-7.) Hangen lived to see his forecast come true in
1966. But four years later he was killed by Viet Cong and Khmer Rouge guerrillas in
Cambodia
while covering the Vietnam War.
(23)
Desai, Morarji, The Story of My Life,
II, p. 204.
(24)
Quoted in Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi,
p. 302.
(25)
Nayar, Kuldip, India: The Critical
Years, p. 20.
(26)
Seton, Marie, op. cit., p. 373.
(27)
Ibid., p. 374.
(28)
Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 98.
(29)
Seton, Marie, op. cit., p. 404. Indira later told Uma Vasudev: ‘I began to
wear white after he [Feroze] died. Then gradually I felt like wearing grays and browns
and
blacks. I was just beginning to want to wear colours again when my father died,’ Vasudev,
op.
cit., p. 310.
(30)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 78.
(31)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., p. 100.
(32)
Thapar, Raj, All These Years, p.
223.
(33)
Seton, Marie, op. cit., p. 426.
(34)
Quoted in Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 305.
(35)
Abdullah, Sheikh, Flames of the Chinar,
pp. 152-3.
(36)
Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 103.
(37)
Quoted in Seton, Marie, op. cit., p. 451.
(38)
Ibid., p. 460.
(39)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 78.
(40)
Author’s interviews with P. N. Haksar, Nayantara Sahgal and Pupul
Jayakar.
(41)
Author’s interview with Mani Shankar Ayer.
(42)
Srivastava, C. P., Lal Bahadur Shastri,
p. 85.
(43)
Brecher, Michael, Succession in India,
pp. 65-6.
(44)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
101.
(45)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 83.
(46)
Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 324.
(47)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 84.
(48)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., pp. 85-6.
(49)
Thapar, Raj, op. cit., p. 248.
(50)
Nayar, Kuldip, Between the Lines, p.
14.
(51)
Sahgal, Nayantara, Indira Gandhi: Her Road to
Power, p. 5.
(52)
Thapar, Raj, op. cit., p. 252.
الجزء الثالث: رئيسة الوزراء إنديرا غاندي
الفصل الثالث عشر: أنا القضية
(1)
It was not until 1996 that India had its first non-Hindi, non-English
speaking Prime Minister: H. D. Deve Gowda.
(2)
Kaviraj, Sudipta, ‘Indira Gandhi and Indian Politics,’ p.
1697.
(3)
Rao, P. V. Narasimha, The Insider, p.
493.
(4)
Ibid., p. 496.
(5)
Mishra, D. P., The Post-Nehru Era: Political
Memoirs, p. 22.
(6)
Author’s interview with S. Gopal. Manor, James, Nehru to the Nineties, p. 128. Gopal, S., Radhakrishnan, pp. 344–6.
(7)
Brecher, Michael, Succession in India,
p. 236.
(8)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
115.
(9)
Brecher, Michael, op. cit., pp. 236-7.
(10)
Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi p.
140.
(11)
Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi: Revolution in
Restraint, pp. 348-9.
(12)
Ibid., p. 346.
(13)
Time magazine, 28 January 1966.
(14)
Desai, Morarji, The Story of My Life,
II, p. 229.
(15)
Author’s interview with John Grigg.
(16)
Quoted in Ali, Tariq, The Nehrus and the
Gandhis, p. 154.
(17)
Mishra, D. P., op. cit., pp. 34-5.
(18)
Nayar, Kuldip, India: The Critical
Years, p. 30.
(19)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
187.
(20)
Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p.
95.
(21)
Frankel, Francine R., India’s Political
Economy, pp. 296-7.
(22)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(23)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 95.
(24)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(25)
Gupte, Pranay, Mother India, pp.
293-4.
(26)
Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second,
pp. 459-60.
(27)
Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches and Writings of
Indira Gandhi, I, p. 93.
(28)
Mehta, Ved, Portrait of India, p.
498.
(29)
Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, pp.
67-8.
(30)
Jalal, Ayesha, Democracy and Authoritarianism in
South Asia, p. 66.
(31)
Times of India, 26 December 1966.
(32)
Ibid., 20 January 1967.
(33)
Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 171. Author’s interview with Inder
Kapur.
(34)
Norman, Dorothy, Letters to an American
Friend, p. 117.
(35)
Quoted in Brecher, Michael, ‘Succession in India: 1967,’ p.
426.
(36)
Ibid., p. 432.
(37)
Desai, Morarji, op. cit., 2, p. 237.
(38)
Brecher, Michael, op. cit., p. 434.
(39)
Nayar, Kuldip, Between the Lines, p.
28.
(40)
Sahgal, Nayantara, Indira Gandhi: Her Road to
Power, p. 12.
(41)
Quoted in Mishra, D. P., op. cit., p. 80.
(42)
Quoted in Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 107.
(43)
The Green Revolution in India was far from an unalloyed blessing. Francine
Frankel’s India’s Green Revolution: Economic Gains and Political
Costs and Vandana Shiva’s The Violence of the Green
Revolution discuss the social, economic and political consequences of the
technology of the Green Revolution.
(44)
Fallaci, Oriana, Interview with
History, p. 176.
(45)
Gandhi, Sonia, Rajiv, p.
1.
(46)
Ibid., p. 2.
(47)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 117.
(48)
The Indian President is indirectly elected by members of Parliament and
state legislators. He is the constitutional head of the country and possesses no executive
power. Nevertheless, governmental decisions are issued in the President’s name; the
President
is commander-in-chief; he ‘appoints’ the Prime Minister, ministers, Supreme Court
and High
Court justices and state governors.
(49)
Hasan, Zoya, ‘The Prime Minister and the Left,’ in Manor, James, Nehru to the Nineties, p. 216.
(50)
Gandhi, Indira, op. cit., pp. 71-2.
(51)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(52)
Author’s interviews with P. N. Haksar and P. N.
Dhar.
(53)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(54)
Panandiker, V. A. and Mehra, Ajay K. (eds.), The
Indian Cabinet, p. 227.
(55)
Ibid., p. 230.
(56)
Nayar, Kuldip, India: The Critical
Years, p. 33.
(57)
Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches, II,
p. 133.
(58)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 119.
(59)
Gill, S. S., The Dynasty, p.
245.
(60)
Rao, P. V. Narasimha, op. cit., p. 599.
(61)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 122.
(62)
Nayar, Kuldip, op. cit., pp. 2-3.
(63)
Rao, P. V. Narasimha, op. cit., p. 610.
(64)
Sahgal, Nayantara, Indira Gandhi: Her Road to
Power, pp. 52-3.
(65)
Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 211.
(66)
Mehta, Ved, Portrait of India, p.
501.
(67)
Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 211.
(68)
Kaviraj, Sudipta, ‘Indira Gandhi and Indian Politics,’ p.
1698.
(69)
Sahgal, Nayantara, op. cit., p. 66.
(70)
Kaviraj, among others, use this phrase.
(71)
Mehta, Vinod, The Sanjay Story, p.
56.
(72)
Ibid., p. 41.
(73)
Quoted in Merchant, Minhaz, Rajiv Gandhi: The End
of a Dream, p. 46.
(74)
Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 128.
(75)
Gandhi, Indira, op. cit., 2, II, p. 76.
(76)
Malhotra, lnder, op. cit., p. 128.
الفصل الرابع عشر: العالم باللون الأحمر
(1)
Rao, P. V. Narasimha, The Insider, pp.
621-2. Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p.
128.
(2)
Thapar, Raj, All These Years, p.
322.
(3)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
148.
(4)
Gill, S. S., The Dynasty, p. 252.
Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi, pp.
230-1.
(5)
Thapar, Raj, op. cit., p. 325, p. 342.
(6)
Frankel, Francine R., India’s Political
Economy, p. 460.
(7)
Quoted in Abbas, K. A., That Woman, p.
90.
(8)
Gandhi, Indira, Speeches in Parliament,
p. 540.
(9)
Frankel, Francine R., op. cit., pp. 466-7.
(10)
Gill, S. S., op. cit., p. 263.
(11)
Frankel, Francine R., op. cit., p. 468.
(12)
Bhutto, Benazir, Daughter of the East,
p. 53.
(13)
Abbas, K. A., op. cit., p. 101.
(14)
Dhar, P. N., Indira Gandhi, The Emergency and
Indian Democracy, p. 156.
(15)
The Hindustan Times, 11 and 12 November,
1986.
(16)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(17)
Abbas, K. A., op. cit., p. 118.
(18)
Sarkar, Bidyut (ed.), P. N. Haksar: Our Times and
the Man, p. 181.
(19)
Kissinger, Henry, White House Years, p.
848.
(20)
Ibid., pp. 878-9. Author’s interview with P. N.
Haksar.
(21)
Kissinger, Henry, op. cit., pp. 880-1, p. 848.
(22)
Author’s interview with T. N. Kaul. Kaul, T. N., Diplomacy in Peace and War, pp. 182-3.
(23)
Kissinger, Henry, op. cit., p. 882.
(24)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(25)
Ibid.
(26)
Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi, p.
241.
(27)
Ibid., p. 242.
(28)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American
Friend, p. 135.
(29)
Mistry, Rohinton, Such a Long Journey,
p. 298.
(30)
Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 240.
(31)
Sisson, Richard and Rose, Leo E., op. cit., pp.
213-14.
(32)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(33)
Sisson, Richard and Rose, Leo E., War and
Succession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Pakistan, pp.
213-14.
(34)
Gandhi, Indira, Speeches in
Parliament, pp. 808-9.
(35)
Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches,
vol II, pp. 611–13.
(36)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(37)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
245.
(38)
Gandhi, Indira, Speeches in
Parliament, pp. 812-13.
(39)
Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p.
140.
(40)
Ibid.
(41)
Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 248. In White House
Years (p. 913), Henry Kissinger says there was ‘no doubt’ in his mind that Indira
was forced into calling a cease-fire by ‘Soviet pressure, which in turn grew out of
American
insistence, including the fleet movement’. P. N. Haksar, however, vehemently denies
this was
reason for agreeing to a ceasefire, (author’s interview P. N. Haksar).
(42)
Economist, quoted in Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 141.
(43)
Abbas, K. A., op. cit., pp. 161-2.
(44)
Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 202.
(45)
Fallaci, Oriana, Interview with
History, p. 188, p. 190, p. 199.
(46)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(47)
Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 192.
(48)
Author’s interview with T. N. Kaul.
(49)
Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 192.
(50)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar. Dhar, P. N., op. cit., pp.
193-4.
(51)
Lamb, Alistair, Kashmir: A Disputed
Legacy, p. 211, but author’s emphasis.
(52)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(53)
Ibid. Benazir Bhutto gives a different account of this episode in her
autobiography, Daughter of the
East.
(54)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(55)
Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 210.
(56)
Nayar, Kuldip, India After Nehru, p.
208.
الفصل الخامس عشر: توقف الصعود
(1)
Vasudev, Uma, Two Faces of Indira
Gandhi, pp. 106-7. Author’s interview with Uma Vasudev. Birla, K. K., Indira Gandhi: Reminiscences, p. 39.
(2)
Nayar, Kuldip, The Judgement, p. 197.
Thapar, Raj, All These Years, pp. 397-8. Abbas, K. A.,
Indira Gandhi: The Last Post, p.
15.
(3)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.
(4)
Khilnani, Sunil, The Idea of India, p.
89.
(5)
Nayar, Kuldip, Supersession of Judges,
p. 35.
(6)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American
Friend, p. 145.
(7)
Ibid.
(8)
Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 13.
(9)
Thakur, Janardan, All the Prime Minister’s
Men, p. 101.
(10)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., p. 138.
(11)
George Fernandes had originally planned to be a Roman Catholic priest, but
after a short spell in a seminary he entered radical politics and the trade union
movement.
His later career was erratic. In 1977 he joined forces with Morarji Desai’s Janata
Party.
After Desai made him Industry Minister, Fernandes ejected the multi-nationals, CocaCola
and
IBM, from India. Twenty years later, in 1998, Fernandes—a long-time campaigner for
nuclear
disarmament—warmly defended India’s nuclear testing initiative while serving as Minister
of
Defence in the BJP government headed by A. B. Vajpayee. In the spring of 1999 he was
instrumental in preventing Sonia Gandhi from forming a Congress coalition government.
During
the 1999 conflict with Pakistan in Kashmir he repeatedly visited the troops on the
frontline
in order to boost morale.
(12)
Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 71.
(13)
Gandhi, Indira, Speeches in Parliament,
p. 511.
(14)
Dorothy Norman Papers.
(15)
Gill, S. S., The Dynasty, p.
246.
(16)
Datta-Ray, Sunanda K., Smash and Grab: The
Annexation of Sikkim, p. 73.
(17)
Dhar, P. N., Indira Gandhi, The Emergency and
Indian Democracy, p. 273.
(18)
Ibid., p. 249.
(19)
Ibid., p. 269.
(20)
Ibid., p. 289.
(21)
Ibid., p. 292.
(22)
Ibid., pp. 298-9.
(23)
Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches III,
p. 129.
(24)
Abdullah, Sheikh, Flames of the Chinar,
p. 165.
(25)
Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p.
163.
(26)
Carras, Mary, Indira Gandhi in the Crucible of
Leadership, p. 184.
(27)
New Republic, 25 June 1975.
(28)
Thapar, Raj, op. cit., p. 400.
الفصل السادس عشر: خطوة طارئة جريئة
(1)
Shah Commission Report, I, pp.
17-18.
(2)
Oriani Fallaci interview with Morarji Desai, The
New Republic, July 1975.
(3)
Author’s interview with Siddhartha Shankar Ray.
(4)
Ibid.
(5)
Shah Commission Report, I, p. 25.
(6)
Kapur, Jagga, What Price Perjury: Facts of the
Shah Commission, pp. 51-2.
(7)
This account of the events during the twenty-four hours leading up to the
declaration of the Emergency is based on an interview with Siddhartha Shankar Ray
and on
testimony made before and depositions submitted to the Shah Commission and published
in the
Shah Commission Report. The Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting published the Shah Commission ‘Interim Report’ on 1 March 1978, a second
‘Interim Report’ on 26 April 1978 and a ‘Third and Final Report’ on 6 August 1978.
When
Indira Gandhi returned to power in 1980 she invalidated the report and had it withdrawn
from
circulation. The only existing copies of the three volumes that I am aware of are
at the
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
(8)
Author’s interview with P. N. Dhar. Later that day Swaran Singh told a
friend that Indira’s ‘crude resort to police powers’ would not work. When this remark
got
back to her, Indira dropped Swaran Singh from the Cabinet and replaced him with Bansi
Lal.
(9)
This account of the 26 June 1976 cabinet meeting is based on the Shah Commission Report and the author’s interviews with Karan Singh
and P. N. Dhar.
(10)
Kapur, Jagga, op. cit., p. 67.
(11)
Tully, Mark, From Raj to Rajiv, p.
119.
(12)
Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches, 3,
pp. 177-9.
(13)
Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 304. Author’s interview with P. N.
Dhar.
(14)
Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p.
161.
(15)
Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second,
pp. 557-9. Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(16)
Author’s interview with John Grigg.
(17)
Young, Hugo, One of Us, p.
120.
(18)
Author’s interview with Michael Foot.
(19)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American
Friend, pp. 148-50.
(20)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
286.
(21)
Ibid., p. 287.
(22)
Frankel, Francine R., India’s Political
Economy, p. 570.
(23)
Ibid.
الفصل السابع عشر: الابن الصاعد
(1)
Frankel, Francine R., India’s Political
Economy, pp. 550-6. For a discussion of the modest gains and fundamental failure
of the twenty-point programme, see chapter 13.
(2)
Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar. Shah
Commission Report, I, pp. 72-3.
(3)
Mehta, Vinod, The Sanjay Story, pp.
66-7. Author’s interview with Siddhartha Shankar Ray. Rajiv Gandhi later claimed that
his
wife had never drawn her salary or visited the Maruti office or factory, (Merchant,
Minhaz,
Rajiv Gandhi: The End of a Dream, p.
73).
(4)
Mehta, Vinod, op. cit., p. 67.
(5)
Vasudev, Uma, Two Faces of Indira
Gandhi, pp. 206-7.
(6)
Dhar, P. N., Indira Gandhi, The Emergency and
Indian Democracy, p. 326-8. P. N. Dhar reproduces a photograph of Indira’s
‘frantic’, three-page hand-written note in his book.
(7)
Author’s interview with Uma Vasudev.
(8)
Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 110.
(9)
Author’s interview with P. N. Dhar.
(10)
Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 328.
(11)
Ibid., p. 311.
(12)
Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p.
177.
(13)
Mehta, Vinod, op. cit., p. 85.
(14)
In some cases it is almost impossible to disentangle fact from fiction in
Sanjay Gandhi’s short political career. Government records and proceedings have disappeared.
And many of the people who were involved in Sanjay’s activities have developed selective
amnesia regarding them.
(15)
Author’s interview with James Manor who cites Romesh
Thapar.
(16)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(17)
Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 115.
(18)
Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 305.
(19)
Mehta, Ved, The New India, p.
98.
(20)
For a full account of this libel case see Frank, Katherine, ‘Mr Rushdie
and Mrs Gandhi’, Biography, 19, no 3 (Summer
1996).
(21)
Author’s interview with Uma Vasudev.
(22)
Author’s interview with P. N. Dhar.
(23)
Author’s interview with Fori Nehru.
(24)
Author’s interview with Jagmohan. Jagmohan continues to believe that
‘Sanjay’s instincts were always right,’ that ‘there were many false accusations against
him,’
and that Sanjay was morally committed to ‘essential environmental work and family
planning.’
(25)
Jagmohan, Island of Truth, p. 127, p.
111.
(26)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
306.
(27)
Moraes, Dom, A Matter of People, p.
162.
(28)
Author’s interview with Karan Singh.
(29)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(30)
Rohinton Mistry’s novel, A Fine
Balance, vividly portrays daily life during the Emergency.
(31)
Author’s interview with Fori Nehru.
(32)
Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 341.
(33)
Singh, Khushwant, Indira Ghandi
Returns, pp. 78-86.
(34)
Nayar, Kuldip, The Judgement, p.
64.
(35)
Ibid. Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 344.
(36)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 313. Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 166.
(37)
Author’s interview with J. V. Kapur.
(38)
Moraes, Dom, Mrs Gandhi, p.
264-5.
(39)
Typescript of Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit’s statement from Uma Vasudev. Extracts
from it are included in Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit’s autobiography, The
Scope of Happiness, pp. 4-15.
(40)
Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal.
(41)
Wolpert, Stanley, Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: His
Life and Times, p. 283.
(42)
Mehta, Vinod, op. cit., pp. 108-9.
(43)
Ibid., p. 111.
(44)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 321.
الفصل الثامن عشر: ضغط
(1)
Interviews with Usha Bhagat and R. K. Dhawan.
(2)
Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second,
p. 579. Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(3)
Dhar, P. N., Indira Gandhi, The Emergency and
Indian Democracy, p. 359.
(4)
Various people, including Nayantara Sahgal and Uma Vasudev, claim that
vans or cars loaded with money left 1 Safdarjung Road under cover of darkness when
it became
clear that Indira had lost the 1977 election. There is no evidence that money was
clandestinely smuggled out of the household and it seems unlikely that Sanjay would
have kept
very much of the money he had amassed during the Emergency in his mother’s house.
Sanjay had
friends both in India and abroad who could safeguard money for him.
(5)
Author’s interviews with B. K. Nehru and Swraj
Paul.
(6)
Ali, Aruna Asif, Private Face of a Public
Person, p. 281.
(7)
Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv, p.
76.
(8)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, pp.
329-30.
(9)
Times of India, 24 May 1977.
(10)
Shah Commission Report, I, p. 1.
(11)
Author’s interview with Khushwant Singh.
(12)
Moraes, Dom, Mrs Gandhi, p.
277.
(13)
Shah Commission Report, I, p. 1.
(14)
Ibid., III, p. 246.
(15)
Ibid., p. 247.
(16)
The unfounded rumour that Chand was killed reflects how any adverse event
at this time was apt to be attributed to Sanjay Gandhi.
(17)
Moraes, Dom, op. cit., p. 283.
(18)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 344.
(19)
Ali, Tariq, The Nehrus and the Gandhis,
p. 202.
(20)
Gangadharan, K., The Inquisition, pp.
242-56.
(21)
Moraes, op. cit., p. 296.
(22)
Chatwin, Bruce, ‘On the Road with Mrs G’, in What
Am I Doing Here?, p. 330.
(23)
Ibid., p. 326.
(24)
Ibid., p. 329.
(25)
Shah Commission Report, III, p.
262.
(26)
Ibid., p. 241.
(27)
To my knowledge, the only extant copy of the full Shah Commission Report is at the School of Oriental and African Studies,
University of London. Jagga Kapur’s What Price Perjury and
K. Gangadharan’s The Inquisition, both contain lengthy
extracts from the report as well as eyewitness accounts of the Shah Commission
hearings.
(28)
Shah Commission Report, III, p.
234.
(29)
Sunday, 23-29 June 1985, p. 22.
(30)
Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p.
208.
(31)
Ibid. p. 198. Author’s interview with Uma Vasudev.
(32)
Times of India, 6 June 1978.
(33)
Carras, Mary, Indira Gandhi in the Crucible of
Leadership, pp. 231-54.
(34)
Ibid., pp. xiv-xv.
(35)
Abbas, K. A., Indira Gandhi: The Last
Post, p. 56.
(36)
Swraj Paul has kept Indira’s signed travellers’ cheques as a memento.
Author’s interview with Swraj Paul.
(37)
Ibid.
(38)
Ibid.
(39)
Author’s interview with Michael Foot.
(40)
Author’s interviews with Swraj Paul and Fori Nehru.
(41)
Kidwai, Anser, Indira Gandhi: Charisma and
Crisis, p. 33.
(42)
Author’s interview with Karan Singh.
(43)
Mehta, Ved, A Family Affair, p.
343.
(44)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
376.
(45)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(46)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 380.
(47)
Ali, Tariq, Can Pakistan Survive?
Chapter 5.
(48)
Ibid., p. 136.
(49)
Ali, Tariq, The Nehrus and the Gandhis,
p. 203.
الفصل التاسع عشر: شقاق
(1)
The phrase is taken from Sunil Khilnani’s 1997 book The Idea of India in which he describes Nehru’s Discovery of India as ‘an epic of India’s past in which it appeared
neither as a meaningless dust-storm nor as a glorified Hindu pageant, but as moved
by a logic
of accommodation and acceptance’, (p. 169).
(2)
Manor, James, Nehru to the Nineties, p.
8.
(3)
Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p.
215.
(4)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
403.
(5)
Ibid., pp. 405-6.
(6)
Shah Commission Report, II, pp.
30-1.
(7)
Author’s interview with Rustom Gandhi.
(8)
Author’s interviews with V. P. Singh and R. K.
Dhawan.
(9)
Author’s interview with V. P. Singh.
(10)
Most of these names were later changed back or changed again. However the
animal homes bearing Sanjay Gandhi’s name still exist today; they were established
by
Sanjay’s widow Maneka Gandhi, an animal lover.
(11)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(12)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 418. Author’s interview with James
Manor.
(13)
Author’s interview with R. K. Dhawan.
(14)
Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv, p.
6.
(15)
Author’s interview with Francine Frankel.
(16)
Thapar, Raj, All These Years, p.
461.
(17)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(18)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 228.
(19)
Sonia Gandhi, op. cit., pp. 6-7.
(20)
Author’s interview with Trevor Fishlock.
(21)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 238.
(22)
Singh, Khushwant, ‘Of Love and Loathing’, India
Today, 31 October 1995, p. 127.
(23)
Ibid., p. 128.
(24)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 435.
(25)
Mehta, Ved, Rajiv Gandhi and Rama’s
Kingdom, p. 10.
(26)
Ibid., p. 11.
(27)
Ibid., p. 2. Singh, Khushwant, op. cit., pp.
129-31.
(28)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 436.
(29)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 241.
(30)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American
Friend, p. 169.
(31)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., pp. 264-5.
(32)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., pp. 162-4. In the manuscript letter at
the Beinecke Library at Yale, Indira actually attributes the ‘things fall apart’ quotation
to
T. S. Eliot. Dorothy Norman silently corrected this when she published Indira’s letters.
It
is one of the few alterations Norman made, though she did cut personal material such
as
Indira’s accounts of her premenstrual tension and her experience of
menopause.
(33)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 440.
(34)
Author’s interview with Arun Nehru.
(35)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(36)
Mehta, Ved, Rajiv Gandhi and Rama’s
Kingdom, p. 43.
(37)
Ibid., p. 27.
الفصل العشرون: مذبحة أمريتسار من جديد
(1)
Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American
Friend, p. 168. In an interview in the London Daily
Express, Indira said that Gandhi ‘was a good film for the West and for those in
India who did not know’ or remember the man, but she criticized the film’s historical
inaccuracy and said that it failed to capture the real Gandhi, Selected Speeches and Writings of Indira Gandhi, 5, p.
462.
(2)
Ali, Tariq, The Nehrus and the Gandhis,
p. 231.
(3)
Pandian, M. S. S., ‘Culture and Subaltern Consciousness: An Aspect of the
MGR Phenomenon’, in Chatterjee, Partha (ed.), State and Politics in
India, p. 369.
(4)
N. T. Ramarao was a colourful figure. It was generally known that he
dressed up in a sari in the privacy of his home because his astrologers had told him
that
this would hasten his bid to replace Indira. Indira herself was aware of NTR’s
‘cross-dressing’ and mentioned it in an interview with Tariq Ali, insisting that Ali
should
interview NTR in order to ‘get a real flavour of the opposition’, The
Nehrus and the Gandhis, p. 231-2.
(5)
Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p.
279.
(6)
Ali, Tariq, op. cit., p. 226.
(7)
Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 280.
(8)
Ibid., pp. 280-1.
(9)
Singh, Tavleen, Kashmir: A Tragedy of
Errors, p. 25.
(10)
Thapar, Raj, All These Years, p.
470.
(11)
Singh, Tavleen, op. cit., p. 28.
(12)
Ibid., p. 29.
(13)
Ibid., p. 35.
(14)
Thapar, Raj, All These Years, op. cit.,
p. 471.
(15)
Ibid. Singh, Tavleen, op. cit., pp. 35-6. Both Raj Thapar and Tavleen
Singh were in the audience at the Iqbal Park rally. Thapar claimed the flashing incident
was
a lie; Singh reported that it did occur but ‘none of us saw it
happen’.
(16)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(17)
According to B. K. Nehru, who at the time of the 1983 Kashmir state
assembly elections was the state’s governor, ‘there was definitely a certain, but
not great,
amount of rigging … There was, of course, a hue and cry about the rigging. I accepted
the
fact that there was rigging. I did not accept the contention that but for the rigging
the
result would have been different. I told [Congress] not to appear angelic about rigging:
did
they not rig elections themselves in the states where they were in power?’ Nice Guys Finish Second, p. 611.
(18)
Singh, Tavleen, op. cit., p. 37.
(19)
The founder and leader of the movement is a highly charismatic figure
named Velupillai Prabhakaran who runs his revolutionary guerrilla army like a religious
cult.
Tiger recruits, both male and female, are young, passionate and committed. Their average
age
is eighteen, but there are guerrillas as young as thirteen. They are fanatically devoted
to
Prabhakaran and his messianic goal of Tamil liberation. At the end of their rigorous
training, when they become full combatants, Tiger guerrillas wear capsules of cyanide
suspended from string round their necks. The cyanide is used to commit suicide rather
than be
taken alive by the enemy. Female tigers resort to their cyanide capsules not only
when faced
with capture but also when their honour is threatened. For the Tamil Tigers subscribe
to a
rigid code that proscribes sex, alcohol, drugs and tobacco. All Tigers aspire to martyrdom,
and they vie with each other to join the elite Black Tiger squads who carry out suicide
bomber missions.
(20)
This reasoned speculation was suggested to me by Robert
Bradnock.
(21)
Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam, The Break-Up of Sri
Lanka, p. 203.
(22)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p.
464.
(23)
Merchant, Minhaz, Rajiv Gandhi: The End of a
Dream, p. 97.
(24)
Ibid.
(25)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 459.
(26)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.
(27)
Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second,
pp. 611-12.
(28)
Ibid., p. 622.
(29)
Ibid., p. 625.
(30)
Ibid.
(31)
Ibid., pp. 622-3.
(32)
Ibid., p. 614.
(33)
Ibid., p. 638.
(34)
Author’s interview with Arun Nehru.
(35)
Ibid.
(36)
In his autobiography Zail Singh says: ‘Towards the end of May 1984, Mrs
Indira Gandhi mentioned nonchalantly that some people suggested to her to send the
police
into the Golden Temple complex to flush out the militants … she said she could not
see any
alternative.’ Singh maintains that he told her such action would not be ‘proper’ and
‘tried
to persuade her not to take any provocative step … but [she] did not disclose how
her mind
was actually working’, Singh, Zail, Memoirs of Giani Zail
Singh, p. 177.
(37)
Author’s interview with Subhadra Joshi.
(38)
The following account of the events leading up to and during Operation
Blue Star draws heavily on Tully, Mark and Satish, Jacob’s Amritsar:
Mrs Gandhi’s Last Battle and Nayar, Kuldip and Singh, Khushwant’s Tragedy of Punjab.
(39)
Tully, Mark and Satish, Jacob, op. cit., p. 143.
(40)
Ibid., p. 154.
(41)
Singh, Zail, op. cit., p. 178.
(42)
Nayar, Kuldip and Singh, Khushwant, op. cit., p.
92.
(43)
Ibid.
(44)
Ibid.
(45)
Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 467.
(46)
Singh, Zail, op. cit., p. 181.
(47)
Tully, Mark and Satish, Jacob, op. cit., p. 167.
(48)
The number of bullet holes in the Harmandiv Sahib is a matter of some
dispute. Officially, the Indian army claimed it was not damaged at
all.
(49)
Singh, Zail, op. cit., p. 181.
(50)
Ibid.
الفصل الحادي والعشرون: ٣١ أكتوبر عام ١٩٨٤
(1)
Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv, p.
8.
(2)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru. Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 294.
(3)
Ibid., p. 303.
(4)
Ibid., pp. 18-19.
(5)
Sarin, Ritu, The Assassination of Indira
Gandhi, p. 19. Sarin’s is a detailed account of the Sikh plotters who conspired
to kill Indira Gandhi in revenge for Operation Blue Star.
(6)
Jagmohan, My Frozen Turbulence in
Kashmir, p. 261.
(7)
Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru. Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, p. 627.
(8)
Jagmohan, op. cit., p. 486.
(9)
Author’s interview with Arun Nehru.
(10)
Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p.
300.
(11)
The new Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh did not survive a vote of
confidence in the state assembly and N. T. Ramarao was reinstated in September
1984.
(12)
Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments,
p. 79.
(13)
Young, Hugo, One of Us, pp.
372-3.
(14)
Author’s interview with Jagmohan.
(15)
Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 481.
Author’s interview with Pupul Jayakar.
(16)
Ibid., pp. 482-3.
(17)
Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches, 5,
p. 495.
(18)
Alexander, P. C., My Years With Indira
Gandhi, pp. 147-8.
(19)
Sonia Gandhi, op. cit., p. 8.
(20)
Tully, Mark and Satish, Jacob, Amritsar, p. 2.
(21)
Author’s interview with R. K. Dhawan. Sarin, Ritu, op. cit., pp.
1-4.
(22)
Gandhi, Sonia, op. cit., p. 9.
(23)
One of Indira’s assassins, Beant Singh, died several hours before his
victim was pronounced dead on the operating table at the All-India Institute of Medical
Sciences. After overpowering both Beant and Satwant Singh, the commandos of the Indo-Tibetan
Border Police hustled them into the nearby guardroom and proceeded to assault both
men.
Instead of manacling the assassins, the commandos abused and beat them, and then,
in a rage,
pulled out their guns and opened fire. In this frenzied attempt to mete out justice,
Beant
Singh was shot dead and Satwant Singh critically wounded. Though no one present wished
him
alive, Satwant Singh was nevertheless rushed by ambulance to Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital
where
he eventually recovered. More than four years later, on 6 January 1989, after a protracted
trial, numerous appeals, and an unsuccessful plea to the Indian President for clemency,
Satwant Singh and a co-conspirator, Kehar Singh, were hanged at Tihar Jail in
Delhi.
الفصل الثاني والعشرون: ما بعد إنديرا
(1)
Merchant, Minhaz, Rajiv Gandhi: The End of a
Dream, p. 135.
(2)
Singh, Zail, Memoirs of Giani Zail
Singh, p. 204.
(3)
Gandhi, Sonia, Rajiv, p.
9.
(4)
On 5 November 1984, the Congress parliamentary party, with a record
attendance of 497 MPs, ‘ratified’ the decision the two-man Congress Parliamentary
Board made
on 31 October.
(5)
Rajiv had five predecessors: Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira
Gandhi, Morarji Desai and Charan Singh. Indira, of course, ‘came back’ in 1980, so
technically Rajiv could be said to have been the seventh Prime Minister of
India.
(6)
Merchant, Minhaz, op. cit., pp. 148-9.
(7)
Author’s interviews with B. K. and Fori Nehru.
(8)
Sarin, Ritu, The Assassination of Indira
Gandhi, p. 41.
(9)
Tully, Mark and Satish, Jacob, Amritsar, p. 9.
(10)
Eliot, T. S., ‘East Coker’ from Four
Quartets, Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p.
24.