ملاحظات
المقدمة
(1)
Nahin, R.L. et al. National Health
Statistics Reports, no. 18, July 2009. Available at:
https://nccih.nih.gov/sites/nccam.nih.gov/files/nhsrn18.pdf.
This report gives figures for use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in 2007. It does not give figures for prayer. The previous report for 2002 did ask about prayer specifically for health reasons—it found that overall, 62% of adults had used some form of CAM (36% if prayer was not included).
Barnes, P.M. et al. National Health Statistics Reports, no. 343, May 2004. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad343.pdf.
A report giving figures for 2012 was released in 2015, but did not include any cost data. With narrower definition than previous surveys, it found that 34% of adults had used CAM in 2012.
Clarke, T.C. et al. National Health Statistics Reports, no. 79, 10 February 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr079.pdf.
(2)
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey:
2010 Summary Tables. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/namcs_summary/2010_namcs_web_tables.pdf.
This figure is for 2010.
(3)
Silberman, S. The Journal of Mind–Body
Regulation 2011; 1: 44–52 At the time of writing, homeopathy
is still available on the NHS in some parts of the UK, see:
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/homeopathy/Pages/Introduction.aspx#available
[accessed 30 April 2015].
(4)
Dunn, P.M. Archives of Disease in
Childhood—Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2003; 88:
F441–F443.
الفصل الأول: التظاهر
(1)
Horvath, K. et al.Journal of the
Association for Academic Minority Physicians 1998; 9:
9–15.
Other sources for the story of secretin include ‘Secretin Trials: A drug that might help, or hurt, autistic children is widely prescribed but is just now being tested’ by Steve Bunk (The Scientist, 21 June 1999) and an open letter from Victoria Beck available at: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.support.autism/lnDCRgEwbJ4.
(2)
A transcript of the Dateline
programme on secretin is available at:
http://psydoc-fr.broca.inserm.fr/fora/aut_for1.html.
(3)
Telephone interview with Adrian Sandler, 7 February
2014.
(4)
Sandler, A.D. et al. New England
Journal of Medicine 1999; 341:
1801–1806.
(5)
The children in the secretin group went from 59 to 50; there
was no statistically significant difference between the two
groups.
(6)
Telephone interview with Bonnie Anderson, 20 May 2014. Now in
her eighties, Bonnie can’t remember the exact date, but she thinks it was in
2005.
(7)
Interview with Jerry Jarvik, University of Washington, Seattle,
7 May 2014.
(8)
Telephone interview with David Kallmes, 16 May
2014.
(9)
Kallmes, D.F. et al. New England
Journal of Medicine 2009; 361: 569–79.
(10)
Anon. The Lancet 1954; ii:
321.
(11)
Sandler, A.D. et al. New England
Journal of Medicine 1999; 341:
1801–1806.
(12)
Huedo-Medina, T.B. et al. British
Medical Journal 2012; 345: e8343.
(13)
Hardy, J. et al. Journal of Clinical
Oncology 2012; 30: 3611–3617.
(14)
Wartolowska, K. et al. British Medical
Journal 2014; 348: g3253.
(15)
Rosanna spoke to me in Italian; her words were translated into
English by Elisa Frisaldi.
(16)
De la Fuente-Fernandez, R. et al. Science 2001; 293: 1164–1166.
(17)
‘The Power of the Placebo’, Horizon BBC2, February 2014.
(18)
Benedetti, F. et al. Nature
Neuroscience 2004; 7: 587-588.
(20)
Interviews with Fabrizio Benedetti, Breuil-Cervina, 21 March
2014, and Plateau Rosa, 22 March 2014.
(21)
Levine, J.D., Gordon, N.C. & Fields, H.L. The Lancet 1978; 312:
654–657.
(22)
Kirsch, I. Epidemiologia e psichiatria
sociale 2009; 18: 318–322.
Kirsch, I. The Emperor’s New Drugs: Exploding the Antidepressant Myth (Basic Books, 2011).
(23)
Benedetti, F., Carlino, E. & Pollo, A. Clinical Pharmacology &
Therapeutics 2011; 90:
651–661.
(24)
Wechsler, M.E. et al. New England
Journal of Medicine 2011; 365:119–126.
(25)
Chvetzoff, G. & Tannock, I.F. Journal of the National Cancer
Institute 2003; 95:
19–29.
(26)
Freed, C.R. et al. New England Journal
of Medicine 2001; 344: 710–719.
(27)
McRae, E. et al. Archives of General
Psychiatry 2004; 6: 412–420.
الفصل الثاني: فكرةٌ مُخالِفة
(1)
Interview with Ted Kaptchuk, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 28 May
2014.
(2)
Kaptchuk, T.J., et al. British Medical
Journal 2006; 332: 391.
(3)
Moerman, D.J. Medical Anthropology
Quarterly 2000; 14: 51–72.
According to Moerman, one of the major arguments for meaning as the source of placebo effects comes from the evidence for such cultural differences. Moerman has carried out extensive research on this topic, with many of the findings summarised in Chapter 6 of his 2002 book, Meaning, Medicine and the Placebo Effect.
(4)
Amanzio, M., Pollo, A., Maggi, G. & Benedetti, F.
Pain 2001; 90:
205–215.
(5)
Telephone interview with Dan Moerman, 20 April 2011, confirmed
via email May 2015.
(6)
Walsh, B.T., Seidman, S.N., Sysko, R. & Gould, M.
Journal of the American Medical
Association 2002; 287: 1840–7.
(7)
Kaptchuk, T.J. et al. PLoS
ONE 2010; 5: e15591.
(8)
Kelley, J.M., et al. Psychotherapy
& Psychosomatics 2012; 81:
312–314.
(9)
Kam-Hansen S. et al. Science
Translational Medicine 2014;6:218ra5.
(10)
See:
http://www.aplacebo.com.
(11)
Moerman, D. Pain Practice
2006; 6: 233–236.
(12)
Email interviews with Edzard Ernst, 4 February 2014 and 13
April 2015.
(14)
World Health Organization Weekly
Epidemiological Monitor vol 5, issue 22: Sunday 27 May
2012.
(15)
Lorber, W., Mazzoni, G. & Kirsch, I. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2007; 33:
112–116.
Witthöft, M. & Rubin, G.J. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2013; 74: 206–212.
(16)
Reeves, R.R., Ladner, M.E., Hart, R.H. & Burke, R.S.
General Hospital Psychiatry 2007; 29:
275–277.
(17)
Silvestri, A. et al. European Heart
Journal 2003; 24: 1928–1932.
(18)
Humphrey postulates the existence of a ‘health governor’ in the
brain, which acts like a hospital administrator, forecasting the body’s
future needs and allocating costly resources (from immune responses to
self-generated symptoms, such as pain or fever)
appropriately.
These ideas are discussed in ‘Great Expectations: The evolutionary psychology of faith healing and the placebo effect’, an essay in Humphrey’s 2002 book The Mind Made Flesh (pp. 255–285). A more recent review is Humphrey, N. & Skoyles, J. Current Biology 2012; 22: R1–R4.
(19)
Benedetti, F., Durando, J. & Vighetti, S. Pain 2014; 155: 921–928.
(20)
This quote originally appeared in the article ‘Heal Thyself’ by
Jo Marchant, New Scientist, 27 August
2011, pp. 30–34.
(21)
Walach advocates the use of alternative medicine, a view that
in 2012 helped to win him a German sceptics’ award for pseudoscience called
the ‘Goldene Brett’.
(22)
Walach, H. & Jonas, W.B. Journal
of Alternative and Complementary
Medicine 2004; 10: S–103-S–112.
(23)
Telephone interview with Irving Kirsch 20 April 2011, confirmed
via email May 2015.
(24)
Kaptchuk, T.J. et al. British Medical
Journal 2008; 336: 999.
(25)
Gracely, R.H. et al. The
Lancet 1985; 1: 43.
(26)
McMillan, F.D. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 1999; 215:
992–999.
(27)
Jensen, K.B. et al. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 2012; 109:
15959–15964.
الفصل الثالث: قوة بافلوف
(1)
Someone with a transplanted kidney is two to three times more
likely to develop cancer compared to a person of the same age and sex in the
general population, mainly because the drugs that prevent their body from
rejecting the organ also suppress immune responses that would normally
protect them from cancer.
Wong, G. et al. Kidney International 2014; 85: 1262–1264
(2)
Interview with Fabrizio Benedetti, Breuil-Cervina, 21 March
2014, and email interview 13 February 2014.
(3)
Telephone interview with Adrian Sandler, 7 February
2014.
(4)
Sandler, A.D. et al. Journal of
Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 2010; 31:
369–375.
(5)
Ader, R. & Cohen, N. Psychosomatic Medicine 1975; 37: 333–340.
(6)
Interview with Manfred Schedlowski, University of Essen, 27
March 2014.
(7)
Vitello, P. New York Times
29 December 2011, p. B8.
(8)
Healing and the Mind with Bill
Moyers 1993, Ambrose Video Publishing, Vol 2: The Mind Body
Connection.
(9)
Williams, J.M. et al. Brain Research
Bulletin 1981; 6: 83–94.
(10)
The Rochester Review, 1997;
vol 59, no 3. Available at:
http://www.rochester.edu/pr/Review/V59N3/feature2.html.
(11)
Healing and the Mind with Bill
Moyers 1993, Ambrose Video Publishing, Vol 2: The Mind Body
Connection.
(12)
Ader, R. & Cohen, N. Science 1982; 215: 1534–1536.
(13)
Healing and the Mind with Bill
Moyers 1993, Ambrose Video Publishing, Vol 2: The Mind Body
Connection.
(14)
Olness, K. & Ader, R. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1992; 13:
124-125.
(15)
Giang, G.W. et al. The Journal of
Psychiatry & Clinical
Neurosciences 1996; 8:
194–201.
(16)
Telephone interview with Karen Olness, 27 February
2014.
(17)
Exton, M.S. et al. Transplantation
Proceedings 1998; 30: 2033.
(18)
Exton, M.S. et al. American Journal of
Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
1999; 276: 710–717.
(19)
Vits, S. et al. Brain, Behavior
& Immunity 2013; 29: S17.
(20)
Goebel, M.U. et al. Psychotherapy
& Psychosomatics 2008; 77:
227–234.
(21)
This statistic comes from Witzke. For more detailed statistics,
see:
http://srtr.transplant.hrsa.gov/annual_reports/2012.
(22)
Interview with Oliver Witzke, University of Essen, 27 March
2014.
(23)
Ghanta, V.K. et al. Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences 1987; 496:
637–646.
Ghanta, V.K. et al. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1988; 521: 29–42.
Ghanta, V.K. et al. Cancer Research 1990; 50: 4295–4299.
Ghanta, V.K. et al. International Journal of Neuroscience 1993; 71: 251–265.
(24)
Ader, R. et al. Psychosomatic
Medicine 2010; 72: 192–197.
(25)
Doering, B.K. & Rief, W. Trends
in Pharmacological Sciences 2012; 33:
165–172.
الفصل الرابع: مقاومة الإجهاد
(1)
West, J.B. High Life: A History of
High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine (1998), Oxford
University Press, p. 281.
(2)
West, J.B. High Life: A History of
High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine (1998), Oxford
University Press, p. 282.
(3)
Grocott, M.P.W. et al. New England
Journal of Medicine 2009; 360:
140–149.
(4)
The oxygen content of the air we breathe in falls as we climb,
of course, but up to 7,100 metres—in these experienced, acclimatised
climbers at least—the body was able to compensate for this by increasing the
amount of haemoglobin (the molecule that transports oxygen) in the
blood.
(5)
Email interview with Dan Martin, 11 May
2015.
(6)
Noakes, T.D. Journal of Applied
Physiology 2009; 106: 737–738.
(7)
This is known in the field as ‘the lactate paradox’. For a
discussion of the evidence for this effect, see:
West, J.B. Journal of Applied Physiology 2007; 102: 2398-2399.
Van Hall, G. Journal of Applied Physiology 2007; 102: 2399–2401.
West, J.B. Journal of Applied Physiology 2007; 102: 2401.
(9)
BBC London 2012 coverage; article available
at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/19230671.
(10)
Nathan, M. et al. South African Medical
Journal 1983; 64: 132–137.
Kew, T. et al. South African Medical Journal 1991; 80: 127–133.
Noakes, T. et al. British Medical Journal 1995; 310: 1345-1346.
(11)
Noakes, T.D. South African Medical
Journal 2012; 102: 430–432.
(12)
Email interview with Tim Noakes, 22 April
2014.
(13)
St Clair Gibson, A. et al. American
Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative
and Comparative Physiology 2001; 281:
R187–R196.
Kay, D. et al. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2001; 84: 115–121.
For more discussion of the evidence for Noakes’ central governor, see the article ‘Running on Empty’ by Rick Lovett, New Scientist, 20 March 2004, pp. 42–45.
(14)
Noakes, T.D. et al. The Journal of
Experimental Biology 2001; 204:
3225–3234.
Noakes, T.D. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism 2011; 36: 23–35.
(15)
Email interview with Dan Martin, 18 May
2015.
(16)
Swart, J. et al. British Journal of
Sports Medicine 2009; 43: 782–788.
(17)
Okano, A.H. et al. British Journal of
Sports Medicine 2013;
doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091658.
(18)
Beedie, C.J. & Foad, A. Sports
Medicine 2009; 39; 313–329.
(19)
Interview with Chris Beedie, London, 10 April
2014.
(20)
Pollo, A. et al. European Journal of
Neuroscience 2008; 28: 379–388.
(21)
Cairns, R. & Hotopf, M. Occupational Medicine 2005; 55:
20–31.
(22)
This might be about to change, however. A 2015 study that
analysed blood samples from nearly 650 people found that those who had been
ill for less than three years had higher levels of chemicals that induce
inflammation in the body compared to healthy controls, while those who had
been sick for longer had lower-than-normal levels.
Hornig, M. et al. Science Advances 2015; 1: e1400121.
(23)
White, P.D. et al. The British Journal of
Psychiatry 1998; 173: 475–481.
(24)
For information about the trials, see:
Edmonds, M. et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004; 3: CD003200.
Bagnall, A.-M. et al. ‘The Treatment and Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) in Adults and Children: Update of CRD Report 22’. Available at: http://www.york.ac.uk/media/crd/crdreport35.pdf.
Malouff, J.M. et al. Clinical Psychology Review 2008; 28: 736–45.
Price, J.R. et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008; 3: CD001027.
(25)
Telephone interview with Peter White, 2 May
2014.
(26)
White, P.D. et al. The
Lancet 2011; 377: 823–836.
(27)
The Lancet 2011; 377:
1808.
(28)
Collings, A.D. & Newton, D. Response to White, P.D.
British Medical Journal 2004; 329:
928. Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/329/7472/928/rr/702549.
(29)
Blackmore, S.J. Response to White, P.D.British Medical Journal 2004; 329: 928. Available at:
http://www.bmj.com/content/329/7472/928/rr/759419.
(30)
For more information on Samantha’s art, please see:
http://www.samantha-miller.co.uk.
الفصل الخامس: في غشية
(1)
Interview with Peter Whorwell, Withington Community Hospital,
Manchester, 14-15 May 2014.
(2)
Herr, H.W. Urologic Oncology: Seminars
and Original Investigations 2005; 23:
346–351.
(3)
Interview with David Spiegel, Curie Institute, Paris, 23
October 2013.
(4)
We vary in how hypnotisable we are. The classic scale of
hypnotisability involves giving people a series of test suggestions that
they pass or fail, for example that their arm will rise by itself, or that
they’ll see their best friend in the room. It’s generally said that around
80% of the population score in the medium range, with 10% of people highly
hypnotisable and 10% barely hypnotisable at all (for example, see
hypnosis.tools/measurement-of-hypnosis.html). How people
score on this test varies slightly in different studies and in different
populations tested, however (for example, see Bongartz, W. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental
Hypnosis 1985; 33: 131–139).
(5)
Kosslyn, S.M. et al. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2000;
157: 1279–1284
(6)
Dikel, W. & Olness, K. Pediatrics 1980; 66: 335–340.
(7)
Telephone interview with Karen Olness, 27 February
2014.
(8)
Casiglia, E. et al. American Journal of
Clinical Hypnosis 1997; 40: 368–375.
(9)
Casiglia, E. et al. International
Journal of Psychophysiology 2006; 62:
60–65.
(10)
Casiglia, E. et al. American Journal of
Clinical Hypnosis 2007; 49: 255–266.
(11)
Email interview with Edoardo Casiglia, 4 March
2014.
(12)
For example:
Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. et al. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001; 69: 674–682.
Naito, A. et al. Brain Research Bulletin 2003; 62: 241–253.
(13)
For example:
Hewson-Bower, B. & Drummond, P.D. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2000; 51: 369–377 (upper respiratory infections).
Spanos, N.P. et al. Psychosomatic Medicine 1990; 52: 109–114 (warts).
Results are mixed, however. Karen Olness carried out a trial of 61 children with warts, who received either hypnotherapy, standard treatment or no treatment. There was no significant difference between the three groups.
Felt, B.T. et al. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1998; 41: 130–137.
(14)
Whorwell, P.J. et al. The
Lancet 1984; 324: 1232–1234.
(15)
Miller, V. & Whorwell, P.W. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 2009; 57: 279–292.
(16)
Calvert, E.L. et al. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:
1778–1785.
Miller, V. & Whorwell, P.W. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 2009; 57: 279–292.
(17)
Miller, V. & Whorwell, P.J. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 2008; 56: 306–317.
Mawdsley, J.E. et al. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2008; 103: 1460–1469.
Keefer, L. et al. Alimentary Pharmacological Therapy 2013; 38: 761–71.
(18)
Gonsalkorale, W.M. et al. Gut 2003; 52: 1623–1629.
(19)
Lea, R. et al. Alimentary Pharmacology
& Therapeutics 2003; 17:
635–642.
(20)
Chiarioni, G., Vantini, I., de Iorio, F. & Benini, L.
Alimentary Pharmacology &
Therapeutics 2006; 23: 1241–1249.
(21)
Whorwell, P.J. et al. The
Lancet 1992; 340: 69–72.
(22)
For example, see:
Lindfors, P. et al. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2012; 107: 276–285.
Moser, G. et al. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2013; 108: 602–609.
(23)
Peters, S.L. et al. Alimentary
Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2015; doi: 10.1111/apt.
13202.
(24)
See:
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hypnotherapy/Pages/Intro
duction.aspx [accessed 24 March 2015].
(25)
Interview with Jeremy Howick, Oxford, 20 April
2015.
(26)
According to the NIH’s online search tool, projectreporter.
nih.gov, the NIH is currently funding five research projects with ‘hypnosis’
or ‘hypnotherapy’ in the title (compared to 35 for ‘mindfulness’, for
example).
(27)
Miller, V. et al. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2015; doi: 10.1111/apt.13145.
الفصل السادس: إعادة النظر في الألم
(1)
Sam Brown’s story is told in ‘Burning Man’ by Jay Kirk,
GQ magazine, February 2012. Available
at:
http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/201202/burning-man-sambrown-jay-kirk-gq-february-2012.
(2)
Hoffman, H.G. et al. Annals of
Behavioral Medicine 2011; 41: 183–191.
(3)
Pilkington, E. ‘Painkiller Addiction: The plague that is
sweeping the US’, The Guardian, 28
November 2012. Available at:
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/28/painkiller-addiction-plague-united-states.
(4)
The American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP)
Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.asipp.org/documents/ASIPPFactSheet101111.pdf.
(5)
‘Opioids Drive Continued Increase in Overdose Deaths’, CDC Press Release, 20 February 2013. Available
at: http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/p0220_drug_overdose_deaths.html See also
‘Vital Signs: Overdoses of opioid prescription pain relievers—United States,
1999–2008’, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2011; 60:
1487–1492. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6043a4.htm.
(6)
Ahmed, A. ‘Painkiller Addictions Worst Drug Epidemic in US History’,
Al Jazeera America, 30 August 2013. Available at:
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/8/29/painkiller-kill-morepeoplethanmarijuanause.html.
(7)
‘Aron Ralston Shares His Incredible Story of Survival’.
Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83nk6zmu5_o.
(8)
Telephone interview with Hunter Hoffman, 7 May
2014.
(9)
Figure from interview with Sam Sharar, University of Washington
Medical Center, 8-9 May 2014. See also Hoffman, H. et al. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2011; 41:
183–191.
(10)
Reviewed in Hoffman, H. et al. Annals
of Behavioral Medicine 2011; 41:
183–191.
(11)
Maani, C.V. et al. Journal of Trauma
and Acute Care Surgery 2011; 71:
S125–130.
(12)
This quote appears in ‘Burning Man’ by Jay Kirk, GQ magazine, February 2012. Available at:
http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/201202/burning-man-sam-brown-jay-kirk-gq-february-2012.
(13)
Esdaile’s treatment of Gooroochuan Shah is described in
Hidden Depths: The Story of Hypnosis
(2002) by Robin Waterfield, pp. 196-197.
(14)
Interview with David Patterson, Seattle, Washington, 10 May
2014.
(15)
Patterson, D.R. et al. The
International Journal of Clinical & Experimental
Hypnosis 2004; 52: 27–38.
(16)
Patterson, D.R. et al. The
International Journal of Clinical & Experimental
Hypnosis 2010; 58: 288–300.
(17)
Barnsley, N. et al. Current
Biology 2011; 21: R945-946.
(18)
Moseley, G.L. Neuroscience &
Biobehavioral Reviews 2012; 36: 34–46.
(19)
Telephone interview with Candy McCabe, 19 December
2014.
(20)
McCabe, C. Journal of Hand
Therapy 2011; 24: 170–179.
Preston, C. & Newport, R. Rheumatology 2011; 50: 2314-2315.
(21)
Rothgangel, A.S. et al. International
Journal of Rehabilitation Research 2011; 34:
1–13.
(22)
Interview with David Spiegel, Curie Institute, Paris, 23
October 2013.
الفصل السابع: تحدَّث معي
(1)
‘Childhood, Infant and Perinatal Mortality in England and
Wales’, Office for National Statistics
Bulletin 2012. Available at:
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_350853.pdf.
(2)
Waldenstrom, U. et al. Journal of
Psychosomatic Obstetrics &
Gynecology 1996; 17:
215–228.
(3)
Olde, E. et al. Clinical Psychology
Review 2006; 26: 1–16.
(4)
In England in 2013/14, the rate of ‘unassisted deliveries’
(without induction, caesarean, instrumental delivery or episiotomy, but
including pain relief such as epidurals) was 44.5%.
http://www.birthchoiceuk.com/Professionals/index.html.
(5)
Hodnett, E.D. et al. Cochrane Database
of Systematic Reviews 2012; issue 10, article no. CD
003766.
(6)
Telephone interview with Ellen Hodnett, 10 March
2014.
(7)
Gibbons, L. et al. ‘The Global Numbers and Costs of
Additionally Needed and Unnecessary Caesarean Sections Performed Per Year:
Overuse as a barrier to universal coverage’, World Health Report 2010.
Background Paper 30. Available at:
http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/financing/healthreport/30C-sectioncosts.pdf.
(8)
England statistics:
http://www.birthchoiceuk.com/Professionals/index.html.
US statistics: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/delivery.htm.
(9)
This is well established in animals. There’s very little
research on this in humans, but for example, see:
Lederman, R.P. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1978; 132: 495–500.
Lederman, R.P. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1985; 153: 870–877.
(10)
Hodnett, E.D. et al. Journal of the
American Medical Association 2002; 288:
1373–1381.
(11)
Brocklehurst, P. et al. British Medical
Journal 2011; 343: d7400.
(12)
Symon, A. et al. British Medical
Journal 2009; 338: b2060 Babies in the independent midwife
group were more likely to die, but the authors concluded this was because
this group included significantly more ‘high-risk’ women with preexisting
medical conditions and complications. When the researchers excluded these
cases from their analysis, the death rate in both groups was the
same.
(13)
Olsen, O. & Clausen, J.A.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, issue 9. Art.
No. CD000352.
(14)
‘New Advice Encourages More Home Births’, NHS Choices, 13 May 2014. Available at:
http://www.nhs.uk/news/2014/05May/Pages/New-advice-encourages-more-home-births.aspx.
(15)
My son was born on the morning of 18 October 2012. My midwives,
Jacqui Tomkins and Elke Heckel, are from the London Birth Practice
(www.londonbirthpractice.co.uk). Tomkins has been chair
of Independent Midwives UK (IMUK) since 2013, and in 2014 was named midwife
of the year at the British Journal of Midwifery Awards for her work in
securing insurance for self-employed midwives.
(16)
As I’d previously had a c-section, my second pregnancy was
officially ‘high-risk’, because of the possibility that my scar from the
previous surgery might rupture during delivery, with serious consequences
for the baby and me. According to NHS guidelines, I should not have
attempted to give birth at home. However, my partner and I researched the
evidence on uterine rupture and concluded that in our case, the extra risk
was very small. We decided—supported by the head of midwifery at my local
hospital—that for us this risk was
outweighed by the benefits of continuous care at
home.
(17)
‘NICE Confirms Midwife-led Care During Labour is Safest for
Straightforward Pregnancies’, NICE Press
Release, 3 December 2014. Available at:
https://www.nice.org.uk/news/press-and-media/midwife-care-during-labour-safest-womenstraightforward-pregnancies.
(18)
Hodnett, E.D. et al. Journal of the
American Medical Association 2002; 288:
1373–1381.
(19)
‘The Cost of Having a Baby in the United States’, Truven Health Analytics
Marketscan Study, January 2013. Available at:
http://transform.childbirthconnection.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Cost-of-Having-a-Baby1.pdf.
(20)
Skype video interview with Elvira Lang, 24 April
2014.
(21)
Lang, E.V. et al. The Lancet
2000; 355: 1486–1490.
Lang, E.V. et al. Pain 2006; 126: 155–164.
Lang, E.V. et al. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2008; 19: 897–905.
(22)
Lang, E.V. & Rosen, M.P. Radiology 2002; 222: 375–382.
(23)
Lang’s company is called Hypnalgesics (see
www.hypnalgesics.com). Lang has also written two books
about Comfort Talk– Patient Sedation Without
Medication (2011), which is aimed at medical professionals,
and Managing Your Medical Experience
(2014), written for patients.
(24)
Lang, E.V. Journal of Radiology
Nursing 2012; 31:114–119.
(25)
Lang, E.V. et al. Pain 2005;
114: 303–309.
(26)
Providing tools that patients can use to cope for themselves,
rather than simply chatting or comforting them in other ways, seems crucial.
In a trial of 201 patients having tumours destroyed using chemicals or an
electric current, Lang included a control group who were given ‘empathic
care’, which included avoiding negative language and swiftly responding to
requests (Lang, E.V. et al. Journal of Vascular and
Interventional Radiology 2008; 19: 897–905). These patients
ended up far more anxious than those who received standard care. They needed
more drugs, and suffered so many complications—things like falling oxygen
levels, or a dangerous spike in blood pressure—that Lang had to stop the
study early (patients in the Comfort Talk group, who were also read a
relaxation script, did much better than standard care). Lang says the nurses
in the empathic care group tried to comfort their patients—discussing their
own experiences with illness, for example, or stroking a patient’s
forehead—and she thinks that this interfered with the patients’ own coping
efforts. This wasn’t part of the intended intervention, but, ‘Suddenly
everyone in the room wanted to be extra nice,’ she says, ‘and sometimes
patients just wanted to be left in peace.’
(27)
Lang, E.V. et al. Academic
Radiology 2010; 17: 18–23.
(28)
Temel, J.S. et al. The New England
Journal of Medicine 2010; 363:
733–742.
(29)
Telephone interview with Vicki Jackson, 16 December
2014.
(30)
Temel, J.S. et al. The New England
Journal of Medicine 2010; 363:733–742.
الفصل الثامن: إما المواجهة أو الفرار
(1)
Telephone interview with Robert Kloner, 23 April
2013.
(2)
Kloner, R.A. et al. Journal of the
American College of Cardiology 1997; 30:
1174–1180.
(3)
Meisel, S.R. et al. The Lancet
1991; 338: 660–661.
Trichopoulos, D. et al. The Lancet 1983; 1: 441–444.
Suzuki, S. et al. The Lancet 1995; 345: 981.
(4)
When Kloner looked for a spike in cardiac deaths in New York
after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, for example, he didn’t
find one. He suggests that this is because most of the people who were in
direct danger and therefore might have suffered from this effect—those who
were inside the two towers—perished anyway when the buildings
collapsed.
(5)
More information on the Whitehall studies is available here:
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/whitehallII.
(6)
Bobak, M. & Marmot, M. British
Medical Journal 1996; 312: 421–425.
(7)
Dhabhar, F.S. et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:
1345–1368.
(8)
Glaser, R. & Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. Nature Reviews Immunology 2005; 5:
243–251.
Cohen, S. et al. Journal of the American Medical Association 2007; 298: 1685–1687.
(9)
Cohen, S. et al. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 2012; 109:
5995–5999.
(10)
Christian, L.M. et al. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006; 13:
337–346.
Godbout, J.P. & Glaser, R. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology 2006; 1: 421–427.
(11)
McDade, T.W. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 2012; 109 supp 2:
17281–17288.
(12)
Chung, H.Y. et al. Ageing
Research 2009; 8: 18–30.
(13)
Chida, Y. et al. Nature Clinical
Practice Oncology 2008; 5: 466–475.
Heikkilä, K. et al. British Medical Journal 2013; 346: f165.
(14)
Jenkins, F.J. et al. Journal of Applied
Biobehavioral Research 2014; 19: 3–23.
(15)
Sloan, E.K. et al. Cancer
Research 2010; 70: 7042–7052 (breast
cancer).
Lamkin, D.M. et al. Brain, Behavior & Immunity 2012; 26: 635–641 (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia).
Kim-Fuchs, C. et al. Brain, Behavior & Immunity 2014; 40: 40–47 (pancreatic cancer).
(16)
Lemeshow, S. et al. Cancer
Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2011; 20:
2273–2279.
(17)
Blackburn’s role in working out their function won her a share
of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
(18)
Epel, E.S. et al. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 2004; 101:
17312–17315.
(19)
Sapolsky, R. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 2004; 101:
17323-17324.
(20)
For a review, see: Lin, J. et al. Mutation Research 2012; 730: 85–89.
There are also clues to how stress influences telomeres; in lab studies, the stress hormone cortisol reduces telomerase activity, while molecules involved in inflammation erode telomeres directly. This process seems to work in both directions—when the telomeres of immune cells get too short, they pump out chemicals that further boost inflammation, see: Rodier, F. & Campisi, J. Journal of Cell Biology 2011; 192: 547–556.
(21)
This quote first appeared in ‘Can Meditation Really Slow
Ageing?’ by Jo Marchant published by Mosaic, 1 July 2014. Available at:
http://mosaicscience.com/story/can-meditationreally-slow-ageing.
(The section from paragraph 2 on p.163 to paragraph 3 on p.164 is adapted
from this article.).
(22)
Cawthon, R.M. et al. The
Lancet 2003; 361: 393–395.
(23)
Armanios, M. & Blackburn, E.H. Nature Reviews Genetics 2012; 13:
693–704.
(24)
Codd, V. et al. Nature Genetics 2013; 45: 422–427.
(25)
Epel, E.S. et al. Aging
2009; 1: 81–88.
Zhao, J. et al. Diabetes 2014; 63: 354–362.
(26)
‘Poor’ is defined by the federal government’s poverty
thresholds – for example for a family of four (with two children) in 2014,
this was defined as an annual income of less than
$24,008. For more information on
the economic challenges facing rural communities in black belt counties,
see: Brody, G.H., Kogan, S.M. & Grange, C.M. (2012). ‘Translating
Longitudinal, Developmental Research with Rural African American Families
into Prevention Programs for Rural African American Youth’. In V. Maholmes
& R.B. King (eds), Oxford Handbook of Poverty
and Child Development. London: Oxford University
Press.
(27)
Telephone interview with Gene Brody, 8 January 2015, and
interview, Emory University, Atlanta, 4 February
2014.
(28)
Brody, G.H., Kogan, S.M. & Grange, C.M. (2012).
‘Translating Longitudinal, Developmental Research with Rural African
American Families into Prevention Programs for Rural African American
Youth’. In V. Maholmes & R.B. King (eds), Oxford Handbook of Poverty and Child Development. London:
Oxford University Press.
(29)
Miller, G.E. et al. Psychological
Bulletin 2011; 137: 959–997.
(30)
For example, see:
http://www.ted.com/talks/richard_wilkinson?language=en.
(31)
Telephone interview with Greg Miller, 4 December 2014. This
research is summarised in Marmot, M. The Status
Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and
Longevity (2005), Holt Paperbacks.
(32)
Miller, G.E. et al. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 2009; 106:
14716–14721.
(33)
Osler, M. et al. International Journal
of Epidemiology 2006; 35: 1272–1277.
(34)
Kittleson, M.M. et al. Archives of
Internal Medicine 2006; 166:
2356–2361.
(35)
Lin, J. et al. Mutation
Research 2012; 730: 85–89
(36)
For example see:
Szanton, S.L. et al. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2012; 19: 489–495.
Chae, D.H. et al. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014; 46: 103–111.
Brody, G.H. et al. Child Development 2014; 85: 989–1002.
(37)
Blackburn, E.H. & Epel, E.S. Nature 2012; 490: 169–171.
(38)
This quote (and the one in the following paragraph) first
appeared in ‘Can Meditation Really Slow Ageing?’ by Jo Marchant published by
Mosaic, 1 July 2014. Available at:
http://mosaicscience.com/story/can-meditation-really-slowageing
(Paragraphs 2–5 on p. 170 are adapted from this article).
(39)
Telephone interview with Elissa Epel, 24 February
2014.
(40)
This concept (as well as the example with the skier) is
described further in:
Jamieson, J.P. et al. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2013; 22: 51–56.
(41)
Telephone interview with Wendy Mendes, 17 September
2014.
(42)
Jamieson, J.P. et al. Current
Directions in Psychological Science 2013; 22:
51–56.
(43)
Jamieson, J.P. et al. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology 2010; 46:
208–212.
(44)
Chen, E. et al. Child
Development 2004; 75: 1039–1052.
(45)
Miller, G.E. et al. Psychological
Bulletin 2011; 137: 959–997.
(46)
McEwen, B.S. & Gianaros, P.J. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2010; 1186:
190–222.
McEwen, B.S. & Morrison, J.H. Neuron 2013; 79: 16–29.
(47)
Ganzel, B.L. et al. NeuroImage 2008; 40: 788–795.
(48)
Miller, G.E. et al. Psychological
Bulletin 2011; 137: 959–997.
(49)
Sweitzer, M.M. et al. Nicotine &
Tobacco Research 2008; 10:1571–1575.
(50)
Gianaros, P.J. et al. Cerebral
Cortex 2011; 21: 896–910.
الفصل التاسع: استمتِعْ باللحظة
(1)
Paragraphs 1-2 and 18-19 of this chapter are adapted from ‘Can
Meditation Really Slow Ageing?’ by Jo Marchant published by Mosaic, 1 July
2014. Available at:
http://mosaicscience.com/story/can-meditation-really-slow-ageing.
(2)
Telephone interview with Mark Williams, 9 February 2009,
confirmed via email April 2015.
(3)
Pagnoni, G. et al. PLoS One
2008; 3: e3083.
(4)
This quote is from Gareth Walker’s video testimonial posted at:
http://www.everyday-mindfulness.org/gareths-video-testimonial/
[accessed 2 April 2015]. All other quotes from Gareth Walker are from my
interview, Barnsley, 23 January 2015.
(5)
Interview with Trudy Goodman, Santa Monica, 22 November
2013.
(6)
National Health Statistics
Reports, no. 79, 10 February 2015. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr079.pdf.
(7)
See Pickert, K. ‘The Mindful Revolution’, TIME magazine, 23 January 2014. Available at:
http://time.com/1556/themindful-revolution.
(8)
For example, see:
Lauche, R. et al. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2013; 75: 500–510 Lerner, R. et al. Cancer and Clinical Oncology 2013; 2: 62–72.
Veehof, M.M. et al. Pain 2011; 152: 533–542
Piet, J. et al. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012; 80: 1007–1020.
Hofmann, S.G. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010; 78: 169–183.
Chiesa, A. & Serretti, A. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2011; 17: 83–93.
Cramer, H. et al. Current Oncology 2012; 19: e343–351.
(9)
For discussions of this see, for
example:
Blomfield, V. ‘Buddhism and the Mindfulness Movement: Friends or foes?’, blog post 6 April 2012. Available at: http://www.wiseattention.org/blog/2012/04/06/buddhismthe-mindfulness-movement-friends-or-foes.
‘Mindfulness: Panacea or fad?’, BBC Radio 4, 11 January 2015. Presented by Emma Barnett. Produced by Phil Pegum. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04xmqdd.
(10)
Szalavitz, M. Scientific
American July 2014: 30-31.
(11)
Barker, K. Social Science &
Medicine 2014; 106: 168–176.
(12)
Interview with Gareth Walker, Barnsley, UK, 23 January
2015.
(13)
See:
http://www.everyday-mindfulness.org.
(14)
Interview with Willem Kuyken, University of Exeter, 23
February. Since our meeting, Kuyken has moved to Oxford and is now director
of the Oxford Mindfulness Centre.
(15)
Teasdale, J.D. et al. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000; 68:
615–623.
Ma, S.H. & Teasdale, J.D. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004; 72: 31–40.
These two randomised controlled trials compared MBCT with usual care, however they excluded patients currently taking antidepressants. Kuyken’s subsequent trials of the therapy compared MBCT against drug treatment.
(16)
Kuyken, W. et al. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology 2008; 76:
966–978.
(17)
Kuyken, W. et al. The Lancet
2015; doi: 10.1016/S0140–6736(14)
62222–4.
(18)
Interview with Sara Lazar, Harvard University, Boston, 27 May
2014.
(19)
This quote previously appeared in ‘Can Meditation Really Slow
Ageing?’ by Jo Marchant published by Mosaic, 1 July 2014. Available at:
http://mosaicscience.com/story/canmeditation-really-slow-ageing.
(20)
Lutz, A. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 2004; 101:
16369–16373.
(21)
Lazar, S.W. et al. NeuroReport 2005; 16: 1893–1897.
(22)
Eriksson, P.S. et al. Nature
Medicine 1998; 4: 1313–1317.
(23)
Hölzel, B.K. et al. SCAN
2010; 5: 11–17.
Hölzel, B.K. et al. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2011; 191: 36–43.
(24)
Luders, E. Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences 2014; 1307: 82–88.
(25)
Gard, T. et al. Frontiers in Aging
Neuroscience 2014; 6: 76.
(26)
Mohr, D.C. et al. British Medical Journal 2004;
doi:10.1136/bmj.
38041.724421.55.
(27)
Buljevac, D. et al. British Medical
Journal 2003; 327: 646.
(28)
Mohr, D.C. et al. Neurology 2012; 79: 412–419.
(29)
Results from the three-month meditation retreat studied
by Blackburn and Epel are reported here:
Jacobs, T.L. et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:
664–681.
Other examples of studies hinting that meditation might boost telomerase or lengthen telomeres include:
Ornish, D. et al. The Lancet Oncology 2013; 14: 1112–1120 Lavretsky, H. et al. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2013; 28: 57–65.
(30)
This quote (and the quote from Elizabeth Blackburn in the
following paragraph) previously appeared in ‘Can Meditation Really Slow
Ageing?’ by Jo Marchant published by Mosaic, 1 July 2014. Available at:
http://mosaicscience.com/story/can-meditation-really-slow-ageing.
(31)
Interview with Elizabeth Blackburn, Paris, 23 October
2013.
(32)
Kabat-Zinn, J. et al. Psychosomatic
Medicine 1998; 60: 625–632.
(33)
Davidson, R.J. et al. Psychosomatic
Medicine 2003; 65: 564–570.
(34)
Barrett, B. et al. Annals of Family
Medicine 2012; 10: 337–346.
(35)
Simpson, R. et al. BMC
Neurology 2014; 14: 15.
(36)
Telephone interview with Robert Simpson, 7 January
2015.
الفصل العاشر: ينبوع الشباب
(1)
Rosero-Bixby, L. ‘Costa Rican Nonagenarians: Are they the
longest living male humans?’ Paper presented at the IUSSP V International
Population Conference, Tours, France, 2005.
(2)
Rosero-Bixby, L. et al. Vienna Yearb.
Popul. Res. 2013; 11: 109–136.
(3)
Dan Buettner describes the visit in his 2010 book, Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer From the People
Who’ve Lived the Longest, published by the National
Geographic Society.
(4)
Rehkopf, D.H. et al. Experimental
Gerontology 2013; 48: 1266–1273.
(5)
Telephone interview with Michel Poulain, 2 September
2013.
(6)
House, J.S. et al. American Journal of
Epidemiology 1982; 116: 123–140.
(7)
House, J.S. et al. Science
1988; 241: 540–545.
(8)
Holt-Lunstad, J. et al. PLoS
Medicine 2010; 7: e1000316.
(9)
Telephone interview with Charles Raison, 30 March 2011,
confirmed via email May 2015. This quote originally appeared in the article
‘Heal Thyself’ by Jo Marchant, New
Scientist, 27 August 2011, pp. 30–34. When we spoke, Raison
was a professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. He is now based at
the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
(10)
Vespa, J. et al. America’s Families
& Living Arrangements: 2012, www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-570.pdf.
(11)
McPherson, M. et al. American
Sociological Review 2006; 71: 353–375.
(12)
Eisenberger, N.I. et al. Science 2003; 302: 290–292.
Eisenberger, N.I. & Cole, S.W. Nature Neuroscience 2012; 15: 1–6.
(13)
Cacioppo, J.T. et al. Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences 2011; 1231:
17–22.
Hawkley, L.C. & Cacioppo, J.T. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2010; 40: 218–227.
(14)
Telephone interview with John Cacioppo, 21 April
2011.
(15)
This quote originally appeared in the article ‘Heal Thyself’ by
Jo Marchant, New Scientist, 27 August
2011, pp. 30–34.
(16)
Luo, Y. et al. Social Science &
Medicine 2012; 74: 907–914.
(17)
Cole, S.W. et al. Genome
Biology 2007; 8: R189.
(18)
Interview with Steve Cole, University of California Los Angeles
(UCLA), 21 November 2013.
(19)
Cole, S.W. et al. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 2011; 108:
3080–3085.
(20)
Cole, S.W. PLoS Genetics
2014; 10: e1004601.
(21)
Antoni, M.H. et al. Biological
Psychiatry 2012; 71: 366–372.
(22)
Telephone interviews with Michael Antoni, 18 September 2013 and
6 March 2014.
(23)
This quote originally appeared in ‘The Pursuit of Happiness’ by
Jo Marchant, Nature 2013; 503:
458–460.
(24)
Spiegel, D. et al. The
Lancet 1989; 334: 888–891.
(25)
This was David Spiegel’s count when I interviewed him at the
Curie Institute, Paris, 23 October 2013. The negative trials include a large
Canadian trial of 235 women with metastatic breast cancer, published in 2001
(Goodwin, P.J. et al. New England Journal of
Medicine 2001; 345: 1719–1726), and Spiegel’s own attempt to
repeat his 1989 study, on 125 women with the condition, published in 2007
(Spiegel, D. et al. Cancer 2007; 110:
1130–7). Spiegel argues that there are problems with some of these studies,
for example that the intervention being tested didn’t cause any
psychological changes in the first place, so wouldn’t then be expected to
have any physical effect.
The most prominent of the positive studies is a 2008 trial led by Barbara Andersen of Ohio State University, which included 227 women with non-metastatic breast cancer (Andersen, B.L. et al. Cancer 2008; 113: 3450–3458). They took a four-month course that aimed to provide them with social support and to help manage stress in their lives. Andersen followed the women for an average of 11 years. Their mood and immune responses improved, and their average survival time was increased by six months, from 2.2 years in the control group to 2.8 years in the therapy group. Sceptic James Coyne has criticised the statistical analysis used in this study, arguing that the data didn’t actually show a positive result at all (Stefanek, M.E. et al. Cancer 2009; 115: 5612–5616).
(26)
Aizer, A.A. et al. Journal of Clinical
Oncology 2013; 31: 3869–3876.
For prostate, breast, colorectal, oesophageal and head/neck cancers, the authors concluded that the survival benefit conferred by being married was greater than that published for chemotherapy.
(27)
Interview with David Spiegel, Curie Institute, Paris, 23
October 2013.
(28)
Telephone interview with James Coyne, 19 September
2013.
(29)
Buchen, L. Nature 2010; 467:
146–148.
(30)
McGowan, P.O. et al. Nature
Neuroscience 2009; 12: 342–348.
(31)
Lam, L.L. et al. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 2012; 109:
17253–17260.
Romans, S.E. et al. Child Development 2014; 86: 303–309.
Naumova, O.Y. et al. Development & Psychopathology 2012; 24: 143–155.
Fraga, M.F. et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2005; 102: 10604–10609.
(32)
One of the first people to publish this idea was the biologist
Bruce Lipton, in his 2005 book The Biology of
Belief: Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter &
Miracles. It’s now a popular claim on new age and health
websites, for example see:
http://www.abundance-and-happiness.com/epigenetics.html.
http://healthscamsexposed.com/2014/06/epigenetics-proves-cancer-is-not-mysterious-or-inevitable.
http://healingthecause.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/ancestralhealing-epigenetics.html.
(33)
These ideas are discussed further in:
Cole, S.W. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2009; 18: 132–137.
Cole, S.W. PLoS Genetics 2014; 10: e1004601.
(34)
Brody, G.H., Kogan, S.M. & Grange, C.M. (2012).
‘Translating Longitudinal, Developmental Research with Rural African
American Families into Prevention Programs for Rural African American
Youth’. In V. Maholmes & R.B. King
(eds), Oxford Handbook of Poverty and Child
Development. London: Oxford University
Press.
Several other studies, for example by Northwestern University’s Greg Miller, have also found that warm or nurturant parenting protects people against the biological effects of stress later in life.
Miller, G.E. & Chen, E. Child Development Perspectives 2013; 7: 67–73.
(35)
Brody, G.H. et al. Journal of
Adolescent Health 2008; 43: 474–481.
(36)
Miller, G.E. et al. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 2014; 111:
11287–11292.
(37)
Telephone interview with Greg Miller, 4 December
2014.
(38)
Both loneliness and chronic stress are thought to increase the
risk of dementia. For example, see:
Holwerda, T.J. et al. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2014; 85:135–142.
Greenberg, M.S. et al. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 2014; 10: S155–S165.
(39)
Telephone interview with Michelle Carlson, 24 February
2015.
(40)
Fried, L.P. et al. Journal of Urban
Health 2004; 81: 64–78.
Carlson, M.C. et al. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 2009; 64: 1275–1282.
(41)
Carlson, M.C. et al. Alzheimers
& Dementia. Forthcoming.
(42)
Telephone interview with Lobsang Negi, 10 December 2014, and
interview, Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, 3 February
2015.
(43)
For more information on CBCT, see:
http://tibet.emory.edu/cognitively-based-compassion-training/index.html.
(44)
Pace, T.W.W. et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:
87–98.
(45)
Pace, T.W.W. et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:
294–299.
(46)
Mascaro, J.S. et al. SCAN
2013; 8: 48–55.
(47)
Interview with Brendan Ozawa-de Silva, Atlanta, 4 & 5
February 2015.
الفصل الحادي عشر: الاتجاه إلى الكهرباء
(1)
Novella, S. ‘Energy Medicine: Noise-based pseudoscience’,
Science-based medicine blog, 12 December 2012. Available at:
https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/energy-medicinenoise-based-pseudoscience.
(2)
The details of Janice’s story (Janice is not her real name)
given here are taken from the electronic version of Kevin Tracey’s 2005 book
Fatal Sequence: The Killer Within,
published by Dana Press. Tracey notes in the introduction to this book that
he did not take recordings or notes during Janice’s hospitalisation, so he
reconstructed the account from memory.
(3)
Levinson, A.T. et al. Seminars in
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2011; 32:
195–205.
(4)
Tracey, K. Fatal Sequence,
Chapter 5, location 1294.
(5)
Tracey, K. Fatal Sequence,
Introduction, location 70.
(6)
Lehrer, P. Biofeedback 2013;
41: 88–97.
(7)
Vaschillo, E. et al. Applied
Psychophysiology & Biofeedback 2002; 27:
1–27.
(8)
Lehrer, P. Biofeedback 2013;
41: 26–31.
(9)
Thayer, J.F. & Lane, R.D. Biological Psychology 2007; 74:
224–242.
(10)
Telephone interview with Paul Lehrer, 26 January
2015.
(11)
Del Pozo, J.M. et al. American Heart
Journal 2004; 147: E11.
Lin, G. et al. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2012; 18: 143–152.
(12)
Gevirtz, R. Biofeedback
2013; 41: 110–120.
(13)
Benson, H. The Relaxation
Response, Avon Books, 1976, p. 83.
(14)
For example, see:
Benson, H. et al. The Lancet 1974; i: 289–291.
Benson, H. et al. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1974; 27: 163–169.
(15)
Benson describes the results of his initial studies in his 1976
book, The Relaxation Response (pp.
87–95). For example, oxygen consumption abruptly dropped by 10–20% during
meditation (compared to around 8% during sleep). Slow brain waves called
alpha waves increased in intensity. Levels of lactic acid in the blood (a
waste product of metabolism) dropped by around 40%. Heart rate slowed on
average by about three beats per minute.
(16)
Park, G. & Thayer, J.F. Frontiers in Psychology 2014; 5: 278
Porges, S.W. Biological Psychology 2007; 74: 116–143.
(17)
Thayer, J.F. et al. Neuroscience and
Biobehavioral Reviews 2012; 36:
747–756.
(18)
Lehrer, P. Psychosomatic
Medicine 1999; 61: 812–821.
(19)
Gevirtz, R. Biofeedback
2013; 41: 110–120.
(20)
Described in Tracey, K. Fatal
Sequence, Chapter 7, location 1885.
(21)
Described in Tracey, K. Fatal
Sequence, Chapter 8, location 2307.
(22)
Described in Tracey, K. Fatal
Sequence, Chapter 9, location 2467.
(23)
Watkins, L.R. et al. Neuroscience
Letters 1995; 183: 27–31.
(24)
Borovikova, L. et al. Nature 2000; 405:
458–462.
(25)
Tracey, K.J. Nature 2002;
420: 853–859.
(26)
Tracey tells this story in Tracey, K. ‘Shock Medicine’, Scientific American March
2015, pp. 28–35.
(27)
Kok, B.E. & Fredrickson, B.L. Biological Psychology 2010; 85:
432–436.
(28)
Kok, B.E. et al. Psychological
Science 2013; 24: 1123–1132.
(29)
Telephone interview with Bethany Kok, 8 December
2014.
(31)
These ideas are discussed in this interview with HeartMath’s
research director Rollin McCraty in ‘Sufism: An inquiry’ (vol 16, no
2, pp. 33–58). Available at:
http://issuu.com/iasufism/docs/sufism.vol16.2.
See also:
McCraty, R. et al. The Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2004; 10: 133–143.
McCraty, R. et al. The Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2004; 10: 325–336.
McCraty, R. & Childre, D. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2010; 16: 10–24.
(32)
For example:
Farkas, B. ‘Is Heartmath’s emWave Personal Stress Reliever Scientific?’, James Randi Educational Foundation blog, 31 January 2011. Available at: http://archive.randi.org/site/index.php/swift-blog/1202--is-heartmaths-emwave-personalstress-reliever-scientific.html.
Novella, S. ‘Energy Medicine: Noise-based pseudoscience’, Science-based medicine blog, 12 December 2012. Available at: https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/energy-medicinenoise-based-pseudoscience.
(33)
Xin, W. et al. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013; 97:
926–35.
(34)
Video interview for Sky News. Available at:
http://news.sky.com/story/1396464/nerve-hack-offers-arthritis-sufferers-hope.
(35)
Koopman, F. A. et al. Arthritis
& Rheumatism 2012; 64 Suppl 10:
581.
(36)
Moore, T. ‘“Nerve hack” Offers Arthritis Sufferers Hope’, Sky
News, 23 December 2014. Available at:
http://news.sky.com/story/1396464/nerve-hack-offers-arthritis-sufferers-hope.
(37)
Tracey, K. ‘Shock Medicine’, Scientific
American March 2015, pp. 28–35.
(38)
Fritz, J.R. & Huston, J.M. Bioelectronic Medicine 2014; 1:
25–29.
(39)
Miller, L. & Vegesna, A. Bioelectronic Medicine 2014; 1:
19–24.
(40)
Behar, M. ‘Can the Nervous System Be Hacked?’, New York Times magazine, 23 May 2014. Available
at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/magazine/can-the-nervous-systembe-hacked.html.
(41)
Martin, J.L.R. & Martín-Sánchez. E. European Psychiatry 2012; 27:
147–155.
(42)
Behar, M. ‘Can the Nervous System Be Hacked?’, New York Times magazine, 23 May 2014. Available
at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/magazine/can-the-nervous-systembe-hacked.html.
(43)
Weintraub, A. ‘Brain-altering Devices May Supplant Drugs – and
Pharma is OK With That’, Forbes.com, 24 February 2015. Available at:
http://www.forbes.com/sites/arleneweintraub/2015/02/24/brain-altering-devices-may-supplantdrugs-and-pharma-is-ok-with-that.
Tracey, K. ‘Shock Medicine’, Scientific American March 2015, pp. 28–35.
(44)
Guerrini, F.‘DARPA’s ElectRx
Project: Self-Healing Bodies through Targeted Stimulation of the Nerves’,
Forbes.com, 29 August 2014. Available at:
http://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2014/08/29/darpas-electrx-project-selfhealing-bodies-through-targeted-stimulation-of-the-nerves.
(45)
Tracey, K. Fatal Sequence,
Chapter 10, location 2820.
(46)
See, for example:
Nolan, R.P. et al. Journal of Internal Medicine 2012; 272: 161–169.
Lehrer, P. et al. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 2010; 35: 303–315.
Kox, M. et al. Psychosomatic Medicine 2012; 74: 489–494.
Olex, S. et al. International Journal of Cardiology 2013; 18: 1805–1810.
(47)
Behar, M. ‘Can the Nervous System Be Hacked?’, New York Times magazine, 23 May 2014. Available
at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/magazine/can-the-nervous-systembe-hacked.html.
(48)
Tracey, K. Fatal Sequence,
Chapter 10, location 2908.
الفصل الثاني عشر: البحث عن الرب
(1)
Dawkins, R. The God Delusion
(2006), Bantam Press.
Hawking, S. & Mlodinow, L. The Grand Design (2010), Bantam Press.
(2)
Religion, Spirituality and Public Health: Research, applications
and recommendations. Testimony by Harold G. Koenig to Subcommittee on
Research and Science Education of the US House of Representatives, 18
September 2008. Available at:
https://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/091808_koenig.pdf.
(3)
For example, a 2011 study of 36,000 adults in Norway found that
the more often they attended church, the lower their blood pressure:
Sorensen, T. et al. The International Journal of
Psychiatry in Medicine 2011; 42:
13–28.
Another study of nearly 40,000 people in 22 countries found that those who went to church more reported better health: Nicholson, A. et al. Social Science & Medicine 2009; 69: 519–528. For a review, see Koenig, H.G. et al. Handbook of Religion and Health (2012), Oxford University Press.
(4)
For example, see Sloan, R.P. et al. The
Lancet 1999; 353: 664–667.
(5)
‘Religion, Spirituality and Public Health: Research,
applications and recommendations.’ Testimony by Harold G. Koenig to
Subcommittee on Research and Science Education of the US House of
Representatives, 18 September 2008. Available at:
https://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/091808_koenig.pdf.
(6)
Telephone interview with Richard Sloan, 28 February
2015.
(7)
Chida, Y. et al. Psychotherapy &
Psychosomatics 2009; 78: 81–90.
(8)
Fox News Poll, 2011, Question 29. Available at:
http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/09/07/fox-news-poll-creationism.
(9)
This quote and the one in the previous paragraph are from a 2005 interview with Sheri
Kaplan published by TheBody.com, available at:
http://www.thebody.com/hivawards/winners/skaplan.html.
The biographical information given in this section comes from that article as well as two others: Cheakalos, C. ‘Positive Approach: Sheri Kaplan gives heterosexuals with HIV a place to celebrate the joys of life’, People magazine, 4 March 2002. Available at: http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20136502,00.html.
Bradley Hagerty, B. ‘Can Positive Thoughts Help Heal Another Person?’, NPR, 21 May 2009. Available at: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104351710, I was unable to contact Sheri to find out how she is doing now.
(10)
Spiritual Transformation and Healing:
Anthropological, Theological, Neuroscientific
and Clinical Perspectives. Koss-Chioino, J. & Hefner,
P. J. (eds), AltaMira Press (2006), p. 245 (Sheri is named in this paper as
‘Susan’).
(11)
Cotton, S. et al. Journal of General
Internal Medicine 2006; 21: S5–13.
(12)
Ironson, G. et al. Journal of General
Internal Medicine 2006; 21: S62–68.
(13)
Sloan, E. et al. 2007. ‘Psychobiology of HIV infection.’ In
Ader, R. (ed.), Psychoneuroimmunology. Academic Press, San Diego, pp.
869–895.
Cole, S.W. Psychosomatic Medicine 2008; 70: 562–568.
(14)
Leserman, J. et al. Psychological
Medicine 2002; 32: 1059–1073.
(15)
Carrico, A.W. & Antoni, M.H. Psychosomatic Medicine 2008; 70:
575–584.
Creswell, J.D. et al. Brain, Behavior and Immunity 2009; 23: 184–188.
(16)
Telephone interview with Andrew Newberg, 10 March
2014.
(17)
Pargament, K.I. et al. Archives of
Internal Medicine 2001; 161:
1881–1885.
(18)
Ironson, G. et al. Journal of
Behavioral Medicine 2011; 34: 414–425.
(19)
Ironson, G. et al. Journal of
Behavioral Medicine 2011; 34: 414–425.
(20)
Wachholtz, A.B. & Pargament, K.I. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2005; 28:
369–384.
(21)
Wachholtz, A.B. & Pargament, K.I. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2008; 31:
351–366.
(22)
Telephone interview with Kenneth Pargament, 12 March
2014.
(23)
Wachholtz, A.B. and Pargament, K.I. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2005; 28:
369–384.
(24)
Pargament, K.I. & Mahoney, A. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 2005; 15: 179–198.
(25)
Jacobs, T.L. et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:
664–681.
(26)
Telephone interview with Clifford Saron, 4 April
2014.
(27)
This quote previously appeared in ‘How Meditation Might Ward
Off the Effects of Ageing’ by Jo Marchant, Observer, 24 April 2011. Available at:
http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/apr/24/meditation-ageing-shamatha-project.
(28)
Fredrickson, B.L. et al. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences 2013; 110:
13684–13689.
Marchant, J. ‘The Pursuit of Happiness’, Nature 2013; 503: 458–460.
(29)
Cacioppo, J. & Patrick, W. Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection
(2008), p. 262.
(30)
Interview with Alessandro de Franciscis, Lourdes Medical
Bureau, 12 June 2015.
(31)
This quote is taken from a talk given by Vittorio Micheli at
Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Dublin, 23 May 2014.
(32)
Interview with Tim Briggs, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital,
Stanmore, Middlesex, 16 January and 20 February 2015.
الخاتمة
(1)
‘Lending a hand that heals’, King5, 16 September 2014. Available at:
http://www.king5.com/story/entertainment/television/programs/evening-magazine/2014/09/16/lendinga-hand-that-heals/15740091.
For more information about Mary Lee McRoberts and her work, please see: http://www.maryleemcroberts.com.
(2)
While poorly designed studies sometimes show that patients
benefit from reiki, once you do high-quality trials, in which reiki is
compared against fake therapy, the benefits disappear. Edzard Ernst and his
colleagues carried out a systematic review of RCTs in 2008 (Lee, M.S. et al.
The International Journal of Clinical
Practice 2008; 62: 947–954). In general, these trials showed
that real reiki worked no better than sham reiki. There were a few positive
results for reiki, but these tended to be one-offs, where a particular
benefit might appear in one trial but was not replicated in other trials.
Most of these studies had flaws, such as being too small, being poorly
designed, or that the data were not adequately reported. The authors
concluded that ‘the value of reiki remains unproven’.
(3)
One of the most rigorous analyses of this therapy was published
in 2005 (Shang, A. et al. The Lancet
2005; 366: 726–732). It included 110 homeopathy RCTs and compared these to
110 equivalent trials of conventional medicines. When the authors restricted
their analysis to the ‘high-quality’ trials, the conventional medicines were
clearly better than placebo, whereas the homeopathic remedies showed only
marginal benefit, consistent with them being no different to placebo
(especially when you take into account that positive trials are more likely
to be published than negative ones).
There have been other meta-analyses and systematic reviews of homeopathy trials, but none has ever shown convincing evidence that it works better than placebo. Nor have scientists ever been able to find any measurable difference between homeopathic remedies and inert liquids or pills.
(4)
Abbot, N.C. et al. Pain
2001; 91: 79–89.
Ernst has now retired, and is an emeritus professor of complementary medicine at Exeter University. For more information about his work, see http://edzardernst.com.
(5)
Ernst, E. ‘Running on faith’, The
Guardian, 15 February 2005.
Available at:
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/feb/15/health.medicineandhealth1.
(6)
See, for example, the German New Medicine website on breast
cancer:
http://www.newmedicine.ca/breast.php.
(7)
Several families claim that their relatives have died after
refusing conventional treatment on Ryke Hamer’s advice, for example, see:
http://www.ariplex.com/ama/amamiche.htm.
Deaths resulting from alternative care advised by other doctors include:
Sheldon T. ‘Dutch Doctor Struck Off for Alternative Care of Actor Dying of Cancer’, British Medical Journal 2007; 335: 13.
‘Alternative Cure Doctor Suspended’, BBC News, 29 June 2007. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6255356.stm.
(8)
Schmidt, K. & Ernst, E. British
Medical Journal 2002; 325:597.
(9)
Jones, M. ‘Malaria Advice “risks lives”’, Newsnight, BBC2, 13 July 2006.
(10)
For example, see:
Kent, G.P. American Journal of Epidemiology 1988; 127: 591–598.
Ernst, G. et al. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2003; 11: 93–97.
(11)
McRoberts responds that she’s confident the spirits she
communicates with would not show her anything that might be harmful
to a patient. ‘My information comes
directly from the other side,’ she says, ‘and I totally trust that it’s
exactly the way it is supposed to be. If I were using my brain to think of
what to do with the client, it would be another matter. But I turn my brain
off when I connect in and let them feed me directly.’ Email from Mary Lee
McRoberts, 29 August 2015.
(12)
For a discussion of the history and mechanism of acupuncture,
see: Singh, S. & Ernst, E. Trick or
Treatment (2008), Chapter 2, pp. 39–88.
(13)
For most complaints, there is no evidence in high-quality
trials that acupuncture works better than placebo. However for certain types
of chronic pain and nausea, it may have a physical effect as well as a
psychological one. A 2012 systematic review of 29 trials for chronic pain
including 17,922 patients (Vickers, A.J. et al. Archives of Internal Medicine 2012; 172: 1444–1453) found
that real acupuncture works slightly better than sham acupuncture (and both
work better than a no-acupuncture control). The authors concluded that
although most of the benefit of acupuncture
is a placebo effect, the needles may have a
modest effect too.
(14)
Interview with Deming Huang, Stanford Center for Integrative
Medicine (SCIM), Stanford, California, 26 November
2013.
(15)
Freedman, D.H. ‘The Triumph of New-age Medicine’, The Atlantic, July/August 2011. Available at:
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/07/the-triumph-of-newage-medicine/308554.
(16)
Interview with Jeremy Howick, Oxford, 20 April
2015.
(17)
Stroud, L.R. et al. Biological
Psychiatry 2002; 52: 318–327.
Kudielka, B.M. et al. Biological Psychology 2005; 69: 113–132.
(18)
Email interview with Elissa Epel, 9 April
2015.
(19)
Telephone interview with Jeff Sloan, 25 February
2015.
(20)
See also Sloan’s work with quality-of-life measures: Frost,
M.H. & Sloan, J.A. The American Journal of Managed Care 2002; 8:
5574–9.
Sloan, J.A. et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012; 30: 1498–1504.
(21)
Heathcote, E. British Medical
Journal 2006; 333: 1304–1305.
(22)
UCSF’s Thomas Bodenheimer estimated it at 70% in 2000
(Bodenheimer, T. New England Journal of
Medicine 2000; 342: 1539–44). Harvard’s John Abramson, author
of the 2004 book Overdosed America, says
that by 2009 this figure had reached 85%. See:
http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/who-paid-for-that-study.
(23)
The annual budget of the National Center for Complementary and
Integrative Health in 2015 was $124.1
million (0.4% of the NIH annual budget of
$30 billion). I wasn’t able to
find an exact figure for how much of this is spent on trials of mind–body
therapies, but according to the centre’s third strategic plan (2011–2015),
the money is split between two main research areas—mind–body therapies and
natural products. Some of the money also goes on things like studying how
many people use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and
disseminating evidence-based information on CAM
interventions.
See: https://nccih.nih.gov/sites/nccam.nih.gov/files/about/plans/2011/NCCAM_SP_508.pdf.
(24)
Shang, A. et al. The Lancet
2005; 366: 726–732.
The authors included 110 homeopathy RCTs and compared these to 110 equivalent trials of conventional medicines. Twenty-one of the homeopathy trials were judged to be of ‘high quality’, compared to just nine of the conventional trials.
(25)
Skype video interview with Elvira Lang, 24 April
2014.
(26)
Telephone interview with Ellen Hodnett, 10 March
2014.
(27)
Interview with Bill Eley, Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia,
5 February 2015.
(28)
At least 400 US physicians commit suicide every year
(equivalent to losing a whole medical school); double the risk faced by the
general population.
Andrew, L.B. et al. ‘Physician Suicide’, Medscape 2014.
Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/806779.overview.
Young doctors are especially vulnerable, with problems starting in school. In a 2009 study, nearly 10% of fourth-year medical students and interns admitted to having suicidal thoughts in past two weeks.
Goebert, D. et al. Academic Medicine 2009; 84: 236–241.
Burnout—a psychological syndrome that includes emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation—is estimated to affect as many as half of medical students, and more than a third of physicians.
Hojat, M. et al. International Journal of Medical Education 2015; 6: 12–16.
Recent research suggests that loss of empathy for patients may be a contributing factor in burnout. In brain imaging studies, doctors in general have less empathy-related brain activity than others when viewing photos of people in pain, and the lowest levels of empathy-related brain activity are associated with more severe burnout.
Tei, S. et al. Translational Psychiatry 2014; 4: e393.
(29)
In 2013, the US spent $2.9
trillion on healthcare, or 17.4% of GDP,
see:
http://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Dataand-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealth-ExpendData/downloads/highlights.pdf.
For comparison with other countries, see: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS.
(30)
See:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/drug-use-therapeutic.htm
Also, Thompson, D. ‘Prescription Drug Use Continues to Climb in US’, WebMD
News, 14 May 2014. Available at:
http://www.webmd.com/news/20140514/prescription-druguse-continues-to-climb-in-us.
(31)
Budnitz, D.S. et al. New England
Journal of Medicine 2011; 365:
2002–2012.
(32)
Schork, N.J. Nature 2015;
520: 609–611.
(33)
Gøtzsche, P.C. British Medical
Journal 2015; 350: h2435.
(34)
James, J.T. Journal of Patient
Safety 2013; 9: 122–128.
For statistics on leading causes of death, see: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm.
(35)
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/DrugInteractionsLabeling/ucm-114848.htm.
These figures date from 2000, so it may be significantly more than that by now.
(36)
See Young, E. SANE: How I Shaped Up My
Mind, Improved My Mental Strength and Found Calm (2015) for a
fascinating and evidence-based exploration of how physical factors, such as
diet, exercise and sleep, influence the mind.