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(1-1) The Global Ocean.
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(1-2) Diagrammatic cross-section of an ocean
basin.
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(1-3) Typical profile of the tropical ocean showing a
thermocline layer and the oxygen minimum zone.
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(1-4) The major surface currents of the Global
Ocean.
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(1-5) Simplified schematic of the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation.
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(1-6) Simplified view of the Great Ocean Conveyor
Belt.
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(2-1) Marine microbial diversity.
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(2-2) Marine phytoplankton diversity: (a) TEM image of
Prochlorococcus MED4 with overlay green coloring. Image taken by Luke
Thompson from Chisholm Lab and Nikki Watson from Whitehead, MIT, 2007.
(b) DENNIS KUNKEL MICROSCOPY/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY (c) Courtesy of
Australian Antarctic Division (d) STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/SCIENCE PHOTO
LIBRARY (e) Ikon Images/Alamy Stock Photo.
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(2-3) Depiction of seasonal variation in primary productivity
in polar, temperate, and tropical oceans. Based on T. Garrison.
Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science. Copyright © 2013, Cengage
Learning.
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(2-4) Depiction of coastal upwelling along the west coast of
a continent in the southern hemisphere bringing nutrient-rich seawater
to the surface.
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(2-5) Zooplankton diversity: (a) Nature Picture Library/Alamy
Stock Photo (b) Reproduced from Gary N Calkins (1901). Marine Protozoa from Woods Hole.
http://www.gutenberg.org. (c) Reproduced from Gary N
Calkins (1901). Marine Protozoa from Woods
Hole. http://www.gutenberg.org. (d) © 2002
MBARI.
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(2-6) Major pathways of energy flow through the marine
system.
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(2-7) Distribution of biomass between producers and consumers
in the terrestrial and marine environments. Reproduced from Yinon et al.
The biomass distribution on Earth. PNAS, 115 (25): 6506–6511. Copyright
© 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115. Distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
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(3-1) Global distribution of kelp beds.
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(3-2) The structure of a kelp frond.
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(3-3) Kelp bed collapse. Mark Corcoran for LA
Waterkeeper.
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(3-4) Structure of seagrass.
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(4-2) Depiction of the Arctic food web.
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(4-3) Antarctic krill. Uwe Kils/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA
3.0.
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(4-4) The central place of Antarctic krill in the Southern
Ocean food web.
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(5-1) Aerial view of coral reefs of Heron Island, Great
Barrier Reef, Australia. ronnybas
frimages/Shutterstock.com.
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(5-2) Distribution of coral reefs.
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(5-3) Anatomy of a coral polyp.
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(5-4) Stages in the formation of an atoll reef. [Aerial view]
The Regents of the University of California. Bottom image: D.
DigitalGlobe, Inc./TerraMetrics, Top images: Reproduced with permission
from Spalding, M. D., et al. World Atlas of
Coral Reefs. Published in association with UNEP-WCMC by
The University of California Press. Copyright © 2001.
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(5-5) Crown-of-thorns sea star feeding on coral colonies.
David Burdick/NOAA.
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(5-6) Changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide
(CO2) in the Earth’s atmosphere over the
previous two millennia in relation to the timing of global coral
bleaching events. Reproduced from Beyer et al. Risk-sensitive planning
for conserving coral reefs under rapid climate change. Conservation Letters, 2018, 11(6): e12587.
https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12587. Distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY
4.0).
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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(5-7) Black mangrove tree, Avicennia
germinans, St Thomas, US Virgin Islands, showing an
extensive system of pneumatophores. Chad
Zuber/Shutterstock.com.
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(6-1) Examples of deep-ocean fish.
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(6-3) A mass of tube worms bask in warm seawater near a black
smoker spewing 400°C fluid at a depth of 2,250 metres. Image credit
Verena Tunnicliffe.
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(6-4) Remains of a whale fall in Monterey Canyon off the
coast of California. Copyright © 2002 MBARI.
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(6-5) Feather stars and soft corals living at a depth of
about 1,200 metres on Davidson Seamount off the coast of California.
NOAA/MBARI 2006.
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(7-1) Typical pattern of intertidal zonation at low tide on a
rocky shore in Washington State, USA. Bcasterline/Wikimedia
Commons/Public Domain.
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(7-2) The division of the rocky intertidal into four
“universal” zones.
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(8-1) Scene at Grimsby fish market, UK in 1906.
Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo.
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(8-3) Major groups of commercial marine
species.
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(8-4) Trends in annual global marine capture fisheries
production. Data from Pauly, D. & Zeller, D. (2016) Catch
reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher
than reported and declining. Nat. Commun. [Online]7:10244. Available
from: doi: 10.1038/ncomms10244 [Accessed 17th January
2019]